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FHS > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Heart=

A
  • Pumps blood around the body
  • Located in the mediastinum, behind the sternum angled slightly to the left.
  • Surrounded by the pericardium
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1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system include?

A

Heart & blood vessels

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2
Q

Blood vessels=

A
  • Transports blood, which carries nutrients, gases, waste products, hormones and immune cells.
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3
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • Carries deoxygenated blood and requires low pressure
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4
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A
  • Carries oxygenated blood and requires higher pressured
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5
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • Consists of parietal (outer) layer and visceral (inner) layer
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6
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A
  1. Protect the heart
  2. Anchor the heart in position
  3. Prevent overfilling of heart with blood
  4. Fluid within pericardial cavity provides a ‘friction-free’ environment.
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7
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk?

A
  • Major artery that carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. It is in the pericardial sac
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8
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium- on visceral pericardium and supports blood vessels and nerves
  2. Myocardium- is the middle layer, made of cardiac muscle
  3. Endocardium- is the inner layer, made up of squamous epithelium
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9
Q

What are the chambers and sets of valves in the heart?

A
  • 2x atria & 2x ventricles
  • 2x atrioventricular valves & 2x semilunar valves
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10
Q

What is the heart separated by?

A
  • Interventricular septum
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11
Q

Explain the right ventricle vs left ventricle

A
  • Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
  • Left ventricle pumps blood to the body
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12
Q

What are valves?

A
  • Prevent backflow of blood- ensure unidirectional blood flow.
  • They open and close in response to pressure changes.
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13
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Involve bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
  • Located in atria and ventricle
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14
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A
  • Involve pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
  • Located between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart
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15
Q

What are the different heart sounds?

A
  • Lub (S1)= closure of AV valves
  • Dub (S2)= closure of SL valves
16
Q

What are the two main blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries= carry blood away from heart
  • Veins= carry blood towards the heart
  • Arteries & veins have three layers (tunica’s) to their wall.
17
Q

Name the different types of tunica’s?

A
  1. Tunica externa= outer layer, connective tissue rich in collagen
  2. Tunica media= middle layer, made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres. More tunica media allows blood flow to be controlled.
  3. Tunica intima= inner layer, made of simple squamous epithelia
18
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A
  • Elastic= thick walled, large amounts of elastic tissue, allows for expansion and contraction causing smooth blood flow.
  • Muscular= smaller, branch from elastic arteries, distribute blood to parts of the body.
  • Arterioles= made of smooth muscle, surrounds endothelium, held together by outer layer of collagen fibres.
19
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • Allows for regulation of blood flow to the capillaries.
  • When smooth muscle is contracted, lumen of blood vessel is smaller so less blood can flow= vasoconstriction.
  • When smooth muscle is relaxed, lumen of blood vessel is larger so more blood can flow= vasodilation.
20
Q

What are the different types of veins?

A
  • Capillaries= smallest of blood vessels, thin walled often just tunica intima, are sites of exchange, blood flow is much slower to allow exchange to take place, capillaries create a large surface area.
  • Venules & veins= venules are formed by capillaries joining together, veins are formed by venules joining together. The blood pressure in veins is much smaller than in arteries, the tunica’s of veins are much thinner.
21
Q

Explain the return of blood flow to the heart

A
  1. Pressure of the veins is slightly higher in the right side of the heart.
  2. Valves ensure the one-way flow of blood
  3. Skeletal muscle pump
  4. Respiratory pump
22
Q

Pulse=

A
  • The pressure wave felt in an artery that lies close the surface of the body. The pressure wave is a result of the left ventricles contracting.
  • You can count the heart rate by counting the pulse rate
  • Examples of pulses: superficial temporal artery, radial artery, temporal artery
23
Q

How does the heart get nourishment?

A
  • Through coronary arteries, left coronary artery and right coronary artery.
24
Q

Blood pressure=

A
  • Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of a blood vessel, expressed in mmHg
25
Q

Systolic pressure=

A
  • The highest pressure and is measured when left ventricle is contracting and expelling blood into the aorta
26
Q

Diastolic pressure=

A
  • The lowest pressure and is measures when left ventricle is relaxing and blood is flowing into peripheral blood vessels.
27
Q

Pulse pressure=

A
  • Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
28
Q

Mean arterial pressure=

A
  • Pressure that propels blood through the tissues.
29
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Peripheral resistance
  3. Blood volume
  4. Blood viscosity
30
Q

How is blood pressure controlled?

A
  • By blood pressure receptors called baroreceptors
31
Q

Explain a homeostatic system for low BP=

A
  1. Stimulus= low Bp
  2. Receptor= baroreceptors are inhibited
  3. Control centre= baroreceptors stimulate cardioacceletory centre
  4. Effector= Increased heart rate, increased contractility, increased cardiac output. Vasoconstriction happens.
  5. Response= blood flow returns to homeostatic range
    (same for high Bp but a decrease and vasodilation)
32
Q

What is Marey’s law?

A
  • There is an inverse relationship between Bp and Hr. If Bp is too high, Hr will decrease to compensate e.g.
33
Q

Franks sterling law of the heart=

A
  • The force of ventricular contraction is determined by length of cardiac muscle fibres
34
Q

Stroke volume=

A
  • Amount of blood ejected from ventricle during one contraction
35
Q

What is preload and afterload?

A
  • Preload is the degree to which ventricular muscle is stretched before contracting.
  • Afterload is the pressure the ventricles must overcome to push blood through semilunar valves as the ventricles are contracting.
36
Q
A

FHS (13 decks)

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