Respiratory Physiology

Question 1

respiratory zone

Answer 1

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Question 2

conducting zone

Answer 2

nose to terminal bronchioles

Question 3

respiration is?

Answer 3

gas exchange

Question 4

ventilation is?

Answer 4

air transport and conditioning no gas exchange

Question 5

What is problematic with hypercapnia in COPD?
more O2?

Answer 5

CO2 diffuse faster than O2; cant expel CO2 –> chemoreceptors desenitized to CO2 so hypoxic drive –> given too much O2 cause respiratory depression

Question 6

issues with oxygen is what kind of problem?

Answer 6

diffusion problem that increases distance from capillaries and alveoli affects O2 capabilities
(due to pulmonary edema/fibrosis)

Question 7

will supplemental O2 help with diffusion issues?

Answer 7

yes; improves gradient for diffusion unlike in COPD where CO2 retention is the problem

Question 8

why is intrapleural pressure negative?

Answer 8

because the elasticity of the lungs, surface tension, elasticity of chest wall, gravity –> increasing thoracic cavity volume (pleural cavity space) –> decrease in intrapleural pressure (thoracic cavity pressure)

Question 9

inspiration
-thoracic volume
-diaphragm
-muscles involved
-intrapleural pressure
-intrapulmonic pressure
-chest wall

Answer 9

• increases
  -contracts and depresses
  -external intercostals, diaphragm
  *accessory muscles SCM,Scalenes, pec minor
  -decrease pressure
  -decrease pressure
  -expands

Question 10

expiration
-thoracic volume
-diaphragm
-muscles involved
-intrapleural pressure
-intrapulmonic pressure
-chest wall

Answer 10

-decrease volume
-upward
-passive process; recoil
-internal intercostals
-abs
-increase pressure
-increase pressure
-chest wall recoils

Question 11

what occurs with V/Q mismatch

Answer 11

hypoxemia

Question 12

what is tidal volume?

Answer 12

amt of air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathe

Question 13

what is minute ventilation?

Answer 13

total volume of air moved in and out of lungs per min

Question 14

Minute ventilation =

Answer 14

TD X RR

Question 15

what is respiration rate?

Answer 15

number of breaths taken per min 12-20

Question 16

is postural or respiratory more bias?

Answer 16

respiratory at expense of posture

Question 17

thorax has a natural tendency to

Answer 17

expand for muscle tone

Question 18

lungs tend to

Answer 18

collapse
elastic recoil

Question 19

lungs have surface tension which is lowered by

Answer 19

surfactant

Question 20

what happens if surface tension is too high

Answer 20

high: alveoli collapse; lungs harder to expand and contract

Question 21

what disease can be due to high surface tension

Answer 21

restrictive lung disease –> alveoli cant expand

Question 22

FRC

Answer 22

lung volume at end of normal exhalation
ERV (extra air that can be exhaled) + RV (air remained in lungs after max exhale)

Question 23

What diseases if FRC is too high vs too low?

Answer 23

high: obstructive diseases (COPD, asthma) because of air trapping
low: restrictive lung disease

Question 24

obesity, pregnancy, and supine position causes what to FRC?

Answer 24

decrease because external pressure on lungs decrease FRC

Question 25

does anesthesia and mech ventilation cause increase or decrease to FRC?

Answer 25

decrease due to diaphragm displacement and atelectasis

Question 26

pursed lip breathing in COPD does what to FRC and how

Answer 26

helps maintain FRC by slowing exhalation and prevent airway collapse

Question 27

emphysema is associated with what lung compliance

Answer 27

high because loss of elastic recoil --> lungs expand and cant deflate increased FRC and RV b/c air trap

Question 28

what diseases seen with low lung compliance

Answer 28

pulmonary fibrosis, ARDS, pulmonary edema, restrictive diseases

Question 29

what does increased lung compliance mean

Answer 29

lungs have reduced ability to recoil ;so they expand easily but b/c airway obstruction exhalation is impaired

Question 30

COPD pt have difficult time inhale or exhale

Answer 30

exhale cause air traps - decreases PaO2; incrase CO2 -increase airway resistance on exhalation

Question 31

pt with restrictive lung disease have what kind of breathing

Answer 31

shallow and rapid to minimize work of breathing

Question 32

restrictive lung disease have difficult time inhale or exhale

Answer 32

inhale

Question 33

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 33

max volume one can inspire above normal inspiration

Question 34

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

max volume one can expire below normal

Question 35

residual volume

Answer 35

vol of air left in lungs after max expiratory effort

Question 36

inspiratory capacity

Answer 36

TV+IRV max vol one can inspire during an inspiration effort

Question 37

vital capacity

Answer 37

IRV +TV +ERV max volume one can exchange in a respiratory cycle

Question 38

functional residual capacity

Answer 38

RV + ERV -vol of air left in lungs after a normal expiration

Question 39

what is the balance point of chest recoil and chest wall force

Answer 39

FRC

Question 40

total lung capacity

Answer 40

air in lungs at full inflation IRV + TV+ ERV + RV

Question 41

Inspiratory reserve volume is affected by what disorders

Answer 41

restrictive

Question 42

ERV is affected by what disorders

Answer 42

obstructive

Question 43

CPAP

Answer 43

non-invasive ventilation (NIV) mode that delivers a constant level of positive airway pressure throughout both inspiration and expiration, without additional mechanical breaths.

Question 44

PEEP

Answer 44

PEEP is the pressure maintained in the lungs at the** end of expiration** during mechanical ventilation to prevent alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation.

Question 45

exhalation flow is dependent on

Answer 45

lung volumes -forced exhalation --> increased airway resistance

Question 46

Do you want to do a deep expiratory effort for COPD?

Answer 46

NOOO b/c have harder time exhaling Teach inhale slowly but not too deep or risk of increase RR and more shallow TV because air is trapped

Question 47

Increasing breathing rate increases what?

Answer 47

alveolar ventilation and dead space If the tidal volume is too small, or the increase in breathing rate is not well matched by the increase in tidal volume, more air may ventilate the dead space rather than the alveoli, reducing the overall efficiency of alveolar ventilation.

Question 48

Increasing tidal volume when breathing increases

Answer 48

alveolar ventilation only When tidal volume increases, you are delivering more air with each breath, and since dead space volume remains relatively constant, a larger portion of the increased tidal volume will go to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. This increases the amount of air reaching the alveoli for gas exchange, and therefore increases alveolar ventilation

Question 49

true or false Any change to alveolar capillary membrane that increases the distance will reduce O2 diffusion

Answer 49

T

Question 50

how does pulmonary hypertension affect diffusion

Answer 50

increases diameter of capillaries and increases distance b/w erythrocytes and membrane