24. Neurophysiology of Motor control

Question 1

There is often a ______ relationship between cells stimulated and activation of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex

Answer 1

1:1

Question 2

What part of the prefrontal cortex is important for learning new movement sequences?

Answer 2

lateral prefrontal

Question 3

what part of the brain is important for preformance of prelearned complex sequences

Answer 3

supplementary motor

Question 4

what part of brain for programming complex set of movement?

Answer 4

SMA

Question 5

what part of brain for posture?

Answer 5

SMA

Question 6

What part of the cortex is responsible for spatial relationships with objects/self

Answer 6

posterior parietal cortex

Question 7

what part of cortex is responsible for our motivation and state of attention that is important for learning?

Answer 7

posterior parietal cortex

Question 8

what improves accuracy of movement by comparing descending motor commands with information about resulting motor action

Answer 8

cerebellum

Question 9

where does cerebellum receive info from?

Answer 9

sensorimotor cortex

Question 10

Cerebellum acts on ___ and ____ which in turn act on Spinal cord

Answer 10

brain stem and cortical motor areas

Question 11

The cerebellum is both feed foward/feedback, but primarly ___________

Answer 11

feedback

note: monitors errors in preformance and adjusts

Question 12

The Basal Ganglia is both feed foward/feedback, but primarly ___________

Answer 12

Feed Foward

note: selectively activates some movements and inhibits others, initiates the whole progam

Question 13

The basal ganglia receives input from all cortical areas and projects primarily to areas of the _______

Answer 13

Frontal cortex ( motor planning areas)

Question 14

who initiate and runs the program

Answer 14

basal ganglia

Question 15

Basal ganglia neostriatum includes

Answer 15

caudate and putamen

note: critical for learning and habit formation

Question 16

what selectively activates some movement but suppresses others

Answer 16

basal ganglia

Question 17

The brainstem does what for motor control?

Answer 17

regulates segmental networks of spinal cord

Integrates visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems

Question 18

higher order cognitive aspects of motor control

Answer 18

basal ganglia

Question 19

neuronal circuits that mediate a variety of automatic/stereotyped responses

Answer 19

spinal cord

Question 20

Ultimately all interneurons converge on ________

Answer 20

motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles

Question 21

learning that depends on sensory feedback might be dependent on input from _____ and ____

Answer 21

sensory cortex and thalamus

Question 22

Primary somatosensory cortex fires _____ start of movement

Cortical changes that occur with plasticity in somatosensory cortex _______ motor cortex

Answer 22

After

Before

Question 23

3 systems essential for normal mvmt to occur

Answer 23

1. visual
   2.vestibular
2. somatosensory

Question 24

Higher levels issue ______

Lower levels have ___________

Answer 24

Relatively general commands without specify detailed”lets walk over there”

Have reflexes and rhythmic motor patters (pattern generators) stepping pattern generators to acheive the goal

Question 25

t/f overlapping of different functional components is important when lesions occur

Answer 25

true

Question 26

_____ levels can control info that reaches them by facilitation or suppression of transmission

Answer 26

higher levels

Question 27

each part of hierarchy

Answer 27

1. has somatotopic maps 2. recieves info from periphery

Question 28

three structures for motor planning?

Answer 28

1. putamen/GP 2. premotor cortex 3. cerebrocerebellum

Question 29

three structures for motor optimization

Answer 29

1. putamen/GP 2. vestibulocerebellum 3.spinocerebellum

Question 30

three structures for instruction

Answer 30

1. vestibular nuclei 2. thalamus to motor cortex, pedunculopontine nucleus, midbrain locomotor region 3. PPPN,MLR to reticular formation

Question 31

The cerebrocerebellum is good for motor ______

Answer 31

planning

Question 32

The vestibulocerebellum is good for motor ___________

Answer 32

optimization

Question 33

What parts of the brian help with motor instructions?

Answer 33

Vesibular nuclei Thalamus to cortex Peduculopontine nuclei Midbrain locomotor region -> reticular formation

Question 34

learning is a form of __________

Answer 34

synaptic plasticity

Question 35

Short term changes in plasticity are due to ___________ long term are due to __________

Answer 35

Change in neural transmission change in gene expression/protein synthesis

Question 36

To form memories, you don’t depend on structural changes, but rather change in the ______________

Answer 36

strength of pre-existing connections

Question 37

synapses are subject to various influences that strengthen or weaken transmission t/f

Answer 37

t

Question 38

afferent input induces long term changes in excitability of the pathway (stimulated axons and post synaptic cells) -can last hrs to wks

Answer 38

long term potentiation

Question 39

can selecively weaken synapses; can weaken LTP

Answer 39

long term depression

Question 40

long term storage appears to be ____ extension of ____ process

Answer 40

graded extension of short term

Question 41

memory for sensitization causes changes in strength of synaptic connections, allowing enhanced ______ release

Answer 41

Neurotransmitter

Question 42

long term memory requires ______ to form new synapses

Answer 42

protein synthesis

Question 43

Long term memory is relatively ______ to disruption undergoes continual change -long term memory storage appears to be graded extension of ___________

Answer 43

Insensitive to disruption Short term process

Question 44

Location of plastic changes: Variability in recruitment _______ with increased motor learning

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

Locations of plastic changes: begins with _____ recruitment at _____ level, progressing up entire pathways

Answer 45

motor unit recruitment at muscle level

Question 46

Experience dependent change: some plasticity remains throughout life, but it __________ overtime considerable variability due to __________ Synapses that are silent can be come strengthened when __________-

Answer 46

Decreases genes and life experiences strengthened when adjacent areas are damaged

Question 47

Differences between old/young motor learning

Answer 47

Adult axon growth **restricted** Adults rely more on changes in **synaptic strength** instead of new projections/connections In adults, an established synapse will survive children undergo more structural changes -in children the use of synapses dictates its survivability

Question 48

What are simularities between children and adult motor learning

Answer 48

**competition** of synapes present **Repetitive** stimulation and activity crucial

Question 49

recovery of function is the reaquistion of mvmt skills that has been lost due to

Answer 49

injury

Question 50

how is function defined

Answer 50

complex vs simple body parts vs whole

Question 51

how is recovery defined

Answer 51

prior functions performed in same or different ways after injury

Question 52

what are compensations

Answer 52

how are compensations diff from recovery

Question 53

what is spared function

Answer 53

remains intact after injury

Question 54

spontaneous vs forced recovery

Answer 54

S: happens naturally overnight F: happens intentionally, repeated PT

Question 55

preinjury neuroprotective factors: Factors that help traumatic and degen conditions

Answer 55

preinjury exercise (likely due to exercise-induced neuroplasticity and or angiogenesis) environmental enrichment dietary restriction

Question 56

Post neuro injuries: When to start exercise and how intense?

Answer 56

earlier is better, intensity needs to be carefully considered in 1st week post injury

Question 57

post neuro injuries: targeted exercise vs generalized exercise?

Answer 57

Targetted: more on specific movements, muscles, skills that were affected Generalized: overall movement

Question 58

Reactivating silent/weak areas likely to occur in the __________

Answer 58

Penumbra

Question 59

penumbra

Answer 59

The penumbra is the area of brain tissue around the core site of injury. The core = completely dead/damaged tissue (irreversible). The penumbra = "at-risk" tissue — it’s impaired but not dead yet. Cells in the penumbra are weakened, but if treated quickly (like restoring blood flow, oxygen, or protecting them with therapy), they can survive and recover.

Question 60

Compensation at the neuronal level:

Answer 60

Neurons take on new functions they didn't have before

Question 61

What is diaschisis?

Answer 61

Silent areas not working bc of other areas that communicate w/ them being damaged Note: can be reversed w/ normalization of bloodflow and metabolism

Question 62

adaptive plasticity components

Answer 62

1. unmasking of abilities 2.sprouting , synaptogeneis

Question 63

Rescue and salvage repair and recovery maintenance Which stage is PT most involved in?

Answer 63

Repair and recovery

Question 64

Unskilled training does not cause ______, but it does cause circulatory changes in the brain

Answer 64

Neuroplasticity

Question 65

What drugs can facilitiate neuroplasticity

Answer 65

Amphetamines Clonidine Haloperidol/haldol SLEEP note: antipsychotics can reduce neuroplasticity

Question 66

Aggressive treamtents need to start early on, emphasizing ___________-

Answer 66

Skill Acquisition note: amount of time spent in PT/OT after stroke is not related to functional outcome

Question 67

The act of compensating itself may be a huge reason why ___________ remain

Answer 67

motor deficits note: forced use activities can help this and pt will learn to avoid substitution/compensation

Question 68

Following a brain injury, ______________ starts rapidly in motor learning, even quicker than motor skill development

Answer 68

New protein synthesis (Protein synthesis happens PRIOR to motor skill, not after)

Question 69

Motor skills develop ____________ there is cortical functional reorganization, and happen ________ protein synthesis

Answer 69

Before After Protein synthesis -> motor skill development -> cortical functional reorganization

Question 70

cortical reorganization is associated with increases in

Answer 70

synaptic numbers

Question 71

sequential order of motor skills

Answer 71

synapse formation --> map changes

Question 72

nature of reorganization depends on

Answer 72

motor experience

Question 73

How is exercise different than practice?

Answer 73

**Exercise** is repetition of movements that have already been learned **Practice** is goal directed and meaningful

Question 74

is practice just repeition?

Answer 74

no

Question 75

skill based practice depends on

Answer 75

1. movement capability and potential 2.active participation and engagement 3. meaningful goals

Question 76

to design a skill based intervention the therapist must

Answer 76

1. include pt in goal setting 2. enhance pts avaiable resource or reduce impairment 3. use practice to sustain new mvmt patterns

Question 77

Physical therapists work on motor behaviors that are _____________ a patient's current capabilities

Answer 77

beyond -behaviors that are now new in light of new losses or damage