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Christina > NEURO LEC 20 VISUAL AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR > Flashcards

NEURO LEC 20 VISUAL AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

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2
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus role in pupilary eye reflex

A

allows connection at pretectal area = bilateral constriction of pupil when light shined in one eye

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3
Q

R oculomotor lesion, shine light in R eye, what happens?

A

left constricts
right does not

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4
Q

(PLR) optic nerve damage means

A

no constriction

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5
Q

pupil

A

opening where light enters, controls amount of light that enters eye

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6
Q

iris and sclera

A

iris - colored, controls size of pupil and how much light gets in
sclera - white

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7
Q

cornea

A

external surface of eye, responsible for most of eyes refraction

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8
Q

conjunctiva

A

membrane that folds back from the inside of the eyelid and attaches to the sclera
immune response

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9
Q

optic nerve goes through the

A

otic foramen

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10
Q

list the three layers of tissues of the eye from outside to inside

A

sclera and cornea

choroid (vascular layer with ciliary muscles)

retina

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11
Q

What happens at the retina?

A

phototransduction, where the rods and cones detect light and convert to electrical signals

located at back of the eye

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12
Q

Accommodation
(what and where does this occur)

A

changing shape of the lens

forming sharp images for NEAR objects, focusing power

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13
Q

____ has the highest visual acuity and smallest visual field

A

fovea

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14
Q

the fovea has only __ receptors, allowing

A

sharp vision in bright light

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15
Q

where is there a blind spot?

A

optic disc

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16
Q

vitreous humor vs aqueous humor

A

vitreous - keeps the shape of the eye

aqueous - moisture

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17
Q

superior oblique

when the eye looks straight forward or abducted, it rotates the eye ____

when eye adducted, it rotates the eye ______

A

upward

downward (down and in), CN 4

up and out or down and in

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18
Q

inferior oblique when the eye is adducted, moves the eye

A

upward

careful - superior oblique does down and in

inferior does down and up!

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19
Q

Photoreceptors have graded ____ potentials

A

membrane
no AP

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20
Q

What cells are the only output cells from the retina to the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cells

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21
Q

The only retinal cells that fire action potentials are

A

ganglion cells

first order neurons

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22
Q

Photoreceptors sit on a pigmented epithelium which allows for what

A

contains melanin to decreases backscattering of light and prevent blurring of images

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23
Q

what is the 2 neuron chain responsible for phototransduction

A

photoreceptor
bipolar cells
ganglion cells (become CN II)

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24
Q

what are the two interneurons in the retinal structure

A

horizontal (photoreceptors to bipolar)

amacrine (bipolar to ganglion)

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25
How does phototransduction occur
release of NT by the photoreceptors results in the generation of action potentials in the ganglion cells, which synapse with the optic nerve transmitting visual perception
26
Cone receptors vs rod receptors
cone - color, low light sensitivity, small receptive field (day vision) rods - low light vison, high light sensitivity, large receptive field, black and white
27
What is the general pathway of visual info starting with 1st order neuron
ganglion to optic nerve (1st order) optic nerve to lateral geniculate body in thalamus (2nd order) travel via optic radiation (superiorly or inferiorly) to primary visual cortex (3rd order)
28
the inferior optic radiation (Meyers) carries info from the ____ visual field through the ___ lobe to the lower bank (_____)
superior parietal lingula
29
the superior optic radiation carries info from the ____ visual field through the ___ lobe, to the upper bank (_____)
inferior partial cuneus
30
a lesion to the inferior optic radiation would look like a lesion to the superior optic radiation would like
contralateral superior quadrantanopia contralateral inferior quadrantanopia
31
What is meant by V1 being retinotopically organized?
each part of the retina corresponds to a specific area in V1 fovea takes up most space, then 3 peripheral regions
32
L optic tracts carries fiber from And provides visual field of
ipsilateral temporal and contralateral nasal fibers R visual field
33
___ fibers cross at chiasm
nasal
34
Dorsal stream
action stream parieto-occipital cortex Information used to direct movement optic agnosia
35
ventral stream
perception stream occipito-temporal cortex recognize visual objects visual agnosia and prosopagnosia
36
visual info from the retina can go to the LGN and V1 or to the ____ which is in charge of reflexes
pretectum and superior colliculus controls size of pupil, eye movement control, curvature of lens and postural and limb movement control
37
peripheral visual processing vs central
peripheral: nasal sees temporal, temporal sees nasal central: contralateral visual image (R visual processed by L visual field)
38
Visual image is ____ and _____ when projected onto the retina
inverted and reversed
39
monocular zone vs binocular zone
monocular - the peripheral vision from the far lateral side that is blocked from the opposite eye via the nose (only L eye can see L monocular zone)
40
stabilize gaze uses what two reflexes
VOR - keeps image of object at same place on retina optokinetic reflex - stabilizes images during slow head movements, elicited by moving visual stimuli. TRAIN both work to prevent visual bouncing
41
Directing gaze to visual target uses
saccades - ballistic rapid eye movements, scan visual field. Align fovea with particular part of the scene (voluntary or reflex). smooth pursuit - slow tracking, keep moving object on fovea
42
conjugate vs vergence eye mvmnts
conjugate - eyes move in same direction vergence - convergence (midline) or divergence (away from midline)
43
Where are the two gaze center in the brainstem that control eye movement? What coordinates these two centers together?
reticular formation medial longitudinal fasciculus
44
Where is the horizontal gaze center?
paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
45
Where is the vertical gaze center?
Rostral interstitial nucleus in midbrain RF
46
Frontal eye fields control what
contralateral saccades and smooth pursuit
47
Parieto-occipital-temporal cortex controls what
ipsilateral smooth pursuit
48
superior colliculus (optic tectum) lesion
increase latency and reduces accuracy, frequency and velocity of saccades
49
Lesion to R V1
L homonymous hemianianopsia with macular sparing
50
Sounds are audible variations in
air pressure
51
the ear converts acoustic energy to
AP
52
What parts makes up the outer ear
pinna - collects sounds auditory canal - transmits sound wave that vibrate tympanic membrane
53
What parts make up the middle ear
tympanic membrane (eardrum) - separates outer and inner ear ossicles - bones connected to tympanic membrane, transfer mvmnt to oval window oval window muscles
54
what makes up the internal ear
bony labyrinth containing cochlea and vestibular apparatus
55
mechanoelectrical transduction
tympanic membrane -> moves the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) -> movement of the footplate of stapes -> moves oval window -> vibrates fluid-filled cochlear -> basilar membrane vibrates -> organ of corti hair bends against immobile tectorial membrane -> hair cells depolarize -> activates cochlear nerve CN VIII
56
the ossicles are important for what?
sound force amplification
57
auditory function with CNS
orients head and eyes toward sounds raises overall activity of CNS conscious awareness and understanding of sounds
58
Where does auditory info go once its reaches cochlear nerve?
to brainstem auditory centers (cochlear nuclei, superior olive, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculi) thalamus primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
59
where does localization of sound occur?
medial superior olive (MSO) in pons and lateral superior olive (LSO) just know olives
60
What does it mean that the primary auditory cortex is organized tonotopically?
different frequencies are processed in different parts
61
Secondary auditory cortex
compares sounds with memories and categorizes them
62
The sensory organ inside the ampulla is called then
crista contains hair cells
63
what is the gelatinous mass containing hair cells in the ampulla?
cupula in the crista
64
when do the hair cells in the cupula fire?
starting or stopping movement they have a baseline firing rate when no movement OR steady state movement
65
What happens if the signals from the functional pairs (semicircular canals) are not reciprocal?
impaired postural control, eye movements and or nausea
66
The utricle and saccule each have a _____ which contain hair cells in gel
macula
67
what is on top of the hair cells of the otolithic organs?
otoconia, move on top of the gel layer to bend the hair cells and stimulate or inhibit firing depending on direction of movement
68
for the vestibular system, info is converted to neural signals via which type of transduction?
mechano-electrical
69
what composes the peripheral vestibular system
vestibular apparatus and peripheral part of vestibular nerve
70
the central vestibular system contains __ (how many) vestibular nuclei located where?
4 pontomedullary junction (exam)
71
the vestibular nuclei are linked with areas that affect signals in what tracts?
CST and reticulospinal, strongly influencing posture of head and body
72
six pathways?
73
the magnitude of reflex responses to changes in position and movement depends on ________ processing of vestibular and visual info
vestibulocerebellar
74
What is so important about the vestibulocerebellum?
when there are vestibular disorders, the vestibulocerebellum is essential for adaptations in the postural and balance systems
75
What are the descending vestibular pathways
VST - posture vestibuloreticular (arousal, posture, ANS -nausea and vomiting) vestibulocolic (to CN XI influencing head position) all start at pontomedullary junction!
76
KNOW LOCATION ON SC AND BRAINSTEM FOR EXAM SLIDE 55
77
Vestibulo-cervical reflex VCR tracts
medial VST to medial vestibular nucleus postural adjustments of head
78
vestibulo-spinal reflex (VSR) tracts
lateral and medial VST and reticulospinal tract posture and tone
79
disruption of descending vestibular pathways result in what?
balance deficits particularly in low light or uneven surfaces (other sensory input unreliable)
80
Ascending vestibular pathways
vestibulothalamocortical - spatial awareness and body orientation vestibulocerebellar medial longitudinal fasciculus all start at vestibular nuclei
81
first order neuron vestibular pathway
vestibular ganglion in inner ear near cochlea
82
second order neuron vestibular path
vestibular nuclei at pontomedullary junction
83
Medial longitudinal fasciculus role
mediates VOR connects to eye muscles and superior colliculus
84
how do vestibular and visual cortices work together?
reciprocally activated/inhibited when the visual cortex is more active, vestibular cortex is inhibited and vice versa

Christina (74 decks)

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