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Christina > NEURO LEC 17 COGNITION, CONSCIOUSNESS, ATTN, LANGUAGE > Flashcards

NEURO LEC 17 COGNITION, CONSCIOUSNESS, ATTN, LANGUAGE Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of cognition

A

the process by which we come to know the world

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2
Q

Cognition is the ability to
* attend to ____ stimuli or _____ motivation
* identify significance of such stimuli
* make meaningful responses

A

External
Internal

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the temporoparietal association cortex?

A

Cognitive intelligence

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas?

A
  • Self awareness
  • Executive functions (goals and plans)
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5
Q

What is the primary function of the medial dorsal prefrontal area?

A

Perceives others’ emotions, making assumptions of their beliefs/intentions

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the ventral prefrontal cortex?

A

Connects with areas of mood and affect

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7
Q

Lesion to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Executive dysfunction, loss of willpower

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8
Q

Lesion to orbital cortex looks like

A

Disinhibition, irritability, impulsiveness

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9
Q

Lesion to ventromedial prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Apathy

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10
Q

Lesion to medial dorsal prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Paranoia, delusions

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11
Q

What is the Theory of hemispheric specialization?

A

To reduce connection times of signals going long distances

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12
Q

Highly skilled movements performed by R handed people are _____ hemispheric dominant

A

Left

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13
Q

Handedness and other aspects of lateralization are not present till age ____

A

3 or 4

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14
Q

If a lesion occurs at a younger age, language and other dominant side functions move to ______ side with preservation of ____ likely

A

nondominant
function

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15
Q

What is the name of the commissural fibers connecting homologous structures of sides of cerebral cortex?

A

Corpus Callosum

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16
Q

What are the 5 dominant (usually L) functions?

A
  • Language
  • Skilled motor planning
  • Math - sequence, analytic calculations
  • Music - sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - following written directions in sequence
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17
Q

What are the 5 nondominant (usually R) functions?

A
  • Prosody - emotion, tone of voice
  • Visual spatial analysis and spatial attention
  • Math - estimate quantities, aligning #s into columns
  • Music - in untrained musicians and complex performance in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness
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18
Q

Which side does sequential, analytic calculations?

A

left

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19
Q

Which side does emotion, tone of voice?

A

Right

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20
Q

Which side does following written directions in sequence?

A

Left

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21
Q

Which side does music in untrained musicians and complex performance in untrained musicians?

A

right

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22
Q

which side does sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians?

A

left

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23
Q

which side does navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness?

A

right

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24
Q

if there is a lesion in the white matter between visual cortex and language processing areas, what can the person do, and what can’t they do?

A

Can see but can no longer read

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25
What syndrome is conduction aphasia an example of?
Disconnection syndrome
26
what is a corpus callosotomy?
a "split brain" procedure for severe epilepsy
27
what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
The triple A's: Alertness Attention Awareness
28
What is defined as: the normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex?
Alertness
29
What has the same circuits as for alertness?
Attention
30
What is attention?
Same circuits as those for alertness AND processing in frontoparietal association cortex
31
What is awareness?
* Subjective and personal experiences * Ability to combine higher order systems from various parts of the brain into united, efficient summary of mental activity * Poorly understood anatomically
32
Where is the reticular formation embedded in?
Tegmentum
33
What makes up the rostral RF + related structures?
RF of midbrain and upper pons and continuous with certain nuclei of diencephalon rostrally
34
What makes up the caudal RF + related structures?
RF of pons and medulla with intermediate zone of SC caudally
35
What is the rostral RF in charge of?
Conscious state in the forebrain
36
What is the caudal RF in charge of?
Motor, reflex, and autonomic functions
37
consciousness Neurotransmitters
-serotonin -norepinephrine -acetylcholine -dopamine
38
serotonin is from
raphe nucleus
39
which NT is generalized arousal level
serotonin
40
norepinephrine is from
locus coeruleus and medial reticular zone
41
NE is for
attention (direction of consciousness) and autonomic functions
42
Acetylcholine is from
pedunculopontine nucleus
43
which NT is for selection of objection of attention, based upon goals
acetylcholine
44
dopamine is from
ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
45
which NT is motivation, cognition *and motor activity
dopamine
46
What can a coma occur from?
* Lesion in rostral RF and related structures * Massive damage to B cerebral cortex regions * Damage to B thalamus
47
T/F: More caudal and/or ventral brainstem lesions can cause coma
False They don't! Only ones in the rostral RF cause a coma.
48
What is a coma NOT?
* Persistent vegetative state * Minimally conscious state * Locked-In Syndrome
49
deep unconciousness, no sleep/wake, dont open eyes, respond to stimuli, or show signs of intentional movement
coma
50
awake but no aware. with spontaneous eye mvmt regular sleep cycle normal respirations lack cognitive or purposeful behavior can have reflexes complete loss of consciousness awareness
persistent vegetative state
51
minimally conscious state
severe alter consciousness with intermittent awareness show one sign of consciousness (follow commands, recognize object, respond to stimuli) has intelligent speech not reflexive
52
locked in syndrome
fully conscious cant move or communicate but with eye movement cognitive function intact unlike coma and vegetative states
53
Maintence of alertness is ran by multiple parallel systems where? (3 Places)
Brainstem that projects -> Cortical/forebrain Brainstem that projects -> thalamus/hypothalamus Hypothalamus Thalamic nuclei
54
The reticular formation receives input from sensory systems, especially the ________________ involved in pain
anterolateral system spinoreticular pathway
55
The ___________ hypothalamus projects to the arousal system
Posteriolateral hypothalamus
56
What cortical areas project to the reticular formation to allow emotion & cognition to impact alertness
Several areas from the association cortex and limbic cortex
57
what are other areas that activate alertness?
superior colliculi cerebellum basal ganglia thalamus
58
defined as the brain processes that allocate resource to what matter
attention
59
which cerebral hemisphere is most responsible for attention --> sustained attention and spatial awarenss
right hemisphere
60
What are the 4 kinds of attention?
**Sustained attention** - vigilance, concentration, nondistractability **Switching**- changing from 1 task to another **Selective**- ability to focus on something more than other things **Divided**- Preforming 2 or more tasks at the same time
61
vigilance, concentration, nondistractability
sustained attention
62
changing from 1 task to another
Switching
63
ability to focus on something more than other things
Selective
64
Preforming 2 or more tasks at the same time
divided
65
Before a person can be attentive, they must be:
In an awake/alert state
66
What areas of the brain provide motivation that allows us to be attentive?
Anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, other limbic structures
67
attentional disorder
- dual task deficient -neglect -attention deficient disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD -motor impersistence (unable to maintian posure/position for extended time even with cognitive ability)
68
What hemisphere is dominant in language for R handed people? What hemisphere is dominant in language for L handed people?
L hemisphere is dominant 95% of the time L hemisphere is dominant 60-70% of the time
69
Many L handed people have _____________ representations for language, especially if family has history of L handedness
Bilateral cortical
70
comprehension of language occurs in
werinickes area
71
# * Wernicke's area is found within ______________ cortex
L temporoparietal cortex (includes spoken, written, signed language)
72
motor planning and production of language happens in
brocas area
73
where is brocas area
frontal lobe close to primary motor cortex
74
what does brocas area contain
ability to string words together grammatically
75
reading and writing require
additional connections with visual and motor cortices
76
the _______ gyrus is connected to wernickes area for comprehending spoken and written language
Angular Gyrus - assists w/ complex language
77
What connects wernicke's and brocas?
Arcuate Fasciculus
78
The nondominant side language abilities: Area equivelant to wernickes:
Comprehends emotion or tone of voice (if you've got wernicke's on the left, this area is on the right)
79
aphasia
disorder of spoken language
80
The nondominant side language abilities: Area equivelant to Brocas:
Controls your own tone of voice and gestures in communication (right inferior frontal gyrus)
81
Wernicke's vs Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's- fluent w/ words but words have no meaning (paraphasic errors(unintended words) neologisms (made up words), anomia can occur in cirumlocution)(cant name object) Broca's- know what you want to say but have trouble saying it
82
sensory/receptive aphasia
Wernickes aphasia
83
motor/expressive aphasia
brocas aphasia
84
Conduction aphasia
Lesion to arcuate fasciculus or other connections b/w wernickes and brocas area Can hear but cannot repeat it back good comprehension poor repetition
85
Global aphasia-
Both speaking and understanding are impaired to some degree
86
Agraphia
Inability to write
87
logorrhea
excessive and often uncontrollable speech. People with logorrhea tend to speak rapidly, continuously, and with little regard for whether others are listening or able to keep up.
88
confabulation
unintentional fabrication or distortion of memories without the intent to deceive
89
verbal perseveration
repetition of words, phrases, or sounds beyond their appropriate context.
90
alexia/dyslexia
inability to read
91
communication disorders that are not language disorders
-oral motor dyspraxia (inability to motor plan; is a speech disorder that affects the ability to coordinate and control the muscles required for speaking, chewing, and swallowing. not caused by muscle weakness) -dysarthria (results from weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles used for speech production. It affects the ability to speak clearly and can result in slurred, slow, or strained speech.)

Christina (74 decks)

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