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Knee Complex Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the knee?

A

tibiofem, patellofem

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2
Q

Tibiofem is a double condyloid joint with how many degrees of freedom? What are they?

A

3: flx/ext, mr/lr, abd/add

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3
Q

Medial & lateral condyles are separated by intercondylar notch inferiorly & jointed anteriorly by what structure?

A

patellar groove

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4
Q

(Medial/lateral) plateau of tibia longer in AP direction?

A

medial

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5
Q

Tibiofem joint: (concave/convex) distal femur + flat tibial plateau + convex tibia margins?

A

convex

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6
Q

Define genu valgum & varum.

A

valgum: > 185, varum: < 175

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7
Q

Genu valgum has compressive forces (medially/laterally) & genu varum has tensile forces (medially/laterally).

A

laterally, laterally

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8
Q

True or False: With valgum, WB line passes laterally & with varum, it passes medially.

A

T

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9
Q

Which ligament attaches to menisci anteriorly?

A

transverse

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10
Q

Which menisci has ACL attachment to ant horn, PCL attachment to post horn, and semimembranosus?

A

medial

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11
Q

Lateral menisci attachments?

A

anterior horn & ACL share tib insertion site, PCL through meniscofemoral ligament, popliteus muscle

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12
Q

(Central/peripheral) portion of meniscal gets nutrition through blood vessels while other relies on diffusion of synovial fluid.

A

peripheral

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13
Q

Bony congruence & ligament tautness are max in full ________ (close-packed position).

A

ext

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14
Q

What are the anteromedial & anterolateral portions of the extensor mechanism also known as?

A

medial & lateral patellar retinaculae

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15
Q

True or False: ACL & PCL are intracapsular & intrasynovial.

A

F (extrasynovial)

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16
Q

What is the term for loose, elastic fibrous connective tissue that moves over femoral condyles during motion that may become inflamed?

A

synovial plica

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17
Q

(Anteriorly/posteriorly) synovium breaks from fibrous capsule & is folded back on itself (anteriorly/posteriorly).

A

posteriorly, anteriorly

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18
Q

What is the thickest band in medial retinaculum & is an important stabilizer to maintain patella in femoral sulcus?

A

medial patellofemoral ligament

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19
Q

Lateral patellofemoral ligament runs from where to lateral patella?

A

ITB

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20
Q

Joint capsule medially blends with MCL, laterally blends with ITB & fascia, & posteriorly is attached to which 2 ligaments?

A

arcuate, posterior oblique

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21
Q

Varus is (abd/add) of tibia.

A

add

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22
Q

MCL runs from medial femoral epicondyle to proximal tibia superficially & where deep?

A

medial tibial plateau

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23
Q

Which ligament is the primary restraint to excess valgus, lateral tibia rotation & can help resist anterior translation of tibia on femur?

A

MCL

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24
Q

LCL attaches from lateral femoral epicondyle to fibular head & joins with which tendon?

A

biceps femoris

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25
LCL is the primary restraint for varus stress & excess lateral rotation & helps to prevent _________ rotatory instability.
posterolateral
26
Which ligament is on the posterior medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle & attached to the lateral & anterior aspect of the medial intercondylar tibial spine?
ACL
27
ACL is the primary restraint against anterior translation of tibia on femur with which bundle most taut near full extension & which more taut beyond 15 degrees knee flexion?
ext: PLB, flx: AMB
28
Which bundle of ACL resists hyperextension?
PLB
29
Most ACL injuries occur when knee is slightly flexed & in (valgus/varus) position combined with anterior tibial translation.
valgus
30
What 2 muscles translate tibia anterior on femur?
quadriceps & gastrocnemius
31
What 2 muscles translate tibia posterior on femur?
hamstrings & soleus
32
Which ligament runs from the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle to the posterior tibial surface between the posterior horns of the menisci?
PCL
33
Which PCL band is taut near full extension & which is taut at 8-90 degrees of knee flexion?
ext: PLB, flx: AMB
34
PCL resists posterior tibial displacement especially with knee ________.
flexed
35
Which 2 muscles share role of PCL while hamstring & gastrocnemius increase posterior shear?
popliteus, quadriceps
36
Which ligament of the posterior capsule is the tendinous expansion of semimembranosus?
oblique popliteal
37
Posterior oblique ligament & arcuate ligament are taut during _______ & resist varus/valgus.
extension
38
What is the term for when there's damage to LCL, popliteus, arcuate, & popliteofibular ligament?
PLRI
39
What are the 3 bursae that formed as invaginations of capsular synovium?
suprapatellar (anterior), subpopliteal (posterior), gastrocnemius (posterior)
40
What type of bursae are these: prepatellar, infrapatellar, deep infrapatellar & fat pad?
extrasynovial
41
Closed chain flexion: femur rolls (ant/post) & glides (ant/post).
post, ant
42
Open chain flexion: tibia rolls & glides __________.
post
43
How many degrees of knee flexion does walking require? How about stairs? How about sit-to-stand?
walking: 60-70, stairs: 80, STS: 90+
44
Knee _________ may be limited to fixed ankle dorsiflexion or tightness in plantarflexors.
extension
45
Tightness in plantarflexors presents as genu _________ when standing.
recurvatum
46
In prone, knee flexion may be limited by _________ insufficiency of rectus femoris.
passive
47
Which ligament becomes taut in closed chain knee flexion? Extension?
flx: ACL, ext: PCL
48
There's (ant/post) deformation of menisci with flexion & (ant/post) with extension.
post, ant
49
True or False: There's more rotation on medial tibia/femur than lateral.
F
50
Medial rotation (tibia on femur) leads to deformation of (med/lat) meniscus posterior & (med/lat) meniscus anterior.
med, lat
51
In 90 degrees flexion, how many degrees of medial rotation & lateral rotation is there compared to little available in close packed extension?
MR: 15, LR: 20
52
There's 8 degrees total of varus/valgus in knee ________ & 13-20 degrees total in knee ________.
ext, flx
53
Varus/valgus often tested in 0 degrees (full extension-closed packed) & _____ degrees knee flexion (open packed).
30
54
True or False: Flexion occurs with valgus & extension occurs with varus.
F (opposite)
55
Full knee extension is accompanied by ________ rotation of tibia (open chain).
lateral
56
Flexion from full extension: open chain: medial rotation of tibia, closed chain: _____________
lateral rotation of femur
57
Which of the 3 hamstrings can laterally rotate while the other knee flexors medially rotate?
biceps femoris
58
What are the 6 knee flexor muscles? Which ones are not 2 joint?
hamstrings (*BF short head), sartorius, gracilis, popliteus*, gastrocnemius, plantaris
59
Medial knee flexors create (valgus/varus) moments while lateral group create (valgus/varus) moments.
varus, valgus
60
Pes anserinus tendons resist valgus stresses & provide dynamic __________ stability (think direction).
anterior medial
61
Which 2 quadriceps have large posterior compressive forces?
vastus lateralis & vastus medialis
62
Quadriceps resultant pull is 7-10 degrees ________ & 3-5 degrees ________.
lateral, anterior
63
Moment arm & length tension of quadriceps are max at ___-___ degrees flexion because of rounded femoral condyles.
45-60
64
Which ligament would be affected if the patient feels 'giving way' or 'buckling' in regards to quadriceps pull on tibia along with anterior shear?
ACL
65
Which 2 muscles help knee extension in weight bearing?
soleus, gluteus maximus
66
In full extension, line of gravity passes ________ to knee axis --> extensor moment.
anterior
67
(Open/closed) chain requires quadriceps to generate more force as knee flexes to control increasing moment arm & torque; (open/closed) chain requires quadriceps to generate more torque/force as knee approaches full extension.
closed, open
68
True or False: Open chain quadriceps produce anterior tibial shear while closed chain quadriceps produce posterior tibial shear.
T
69
ACL, ITB, hamstrings, soleus, & gluteus maximus limit ________ tibial translation.
anterior
70
PCL, MFL, quadriceps, popliteus, & gastrocnemius heads limit _________ tibial translation.
posterior
71
What do MCL, ACL, PCL, arcuate, POL, medial muscles, & pes anserine muscles limit?
valgus
72
What do LCL, ITB, ACL, PCL, arcuate, POL, & lateral muscles limit?
varus
73
ACL, PCL, PM capsule, MFL, & biceps femoris limit ________ rotation of tibia.
medial
74
PL capsule, MCL, LCL, medial muscles limit ________ rotation of tibia.
lateral
75
Where does the patella sit on in extended knee?
femoral sulcus
76
What is the term for when patella is longer & higher on femur? How about shorter & lower? Which one leads to instability?
longer: alta*, shorter: baja
77
(Superior/inferior) contact point of patella occurs in extension & early flexion while (superior/inferior) occurs around 90 degrees with lateral & odd facets occurring > 90 degrees.
inferior, superior
78
When patella flexes, it's an (superior/inferior) glide.
inferior
79
Patella shifts from lateral in ________ to medial in ________.
extension, flexion
80
Patellofemoral compression forces are minimized in ________.
extension
81
From 30-70 degrees, what dissipates patellofemoral forces? How about past 90 degrees?
30-70: thick cartilage of medial facet, past 90: quadriceps tendon on condyles
82
Patellofemoral joint has potential for instability at knee ________ since it's the open/loose packed position for PFJ (but closed pack for knee joint).
extension
83
Valgus of femur/tibia causes patella to be pulled slightly ________ by quadriceps & patellar tendon.
laterally
84
Which ligaments of extensor retinaculum is the longitudinal stabilizer for patellofemoral joint?
patellotibial
85
Transverse stabilizers for patellofemoral joint: superior extensor retinaculum from which 2 muscles?
vastus medialis & vastus lateralis
86
Which ligament resists lateral translation by large lateral lip of femoral sulcus as bony stabilizer?
medial patellofemoral
87
Excessive resultant lateral patellar forces:
weak VMO, tight ITB/TFL, genu valgum, femoral anteversion, external tibial torsion, pronation, stretched medial structures, anteversion, lateral
88
What is the normal range for q-angle which is measured in extension? What degree indicates mal-alignment & possible excessive lateral forces?
10-15, 20
89
(Women/men) have larger q angle because of wider pelvis, hip anteversion, & knee valgus.
women
90
Increased q angle leads to genu _________.
valgum
91
What type of tibiofemoral injury comes from rotation on fixed tibia?
meniscal
92
What type of tibiofemoral injury comes from sitting, stairs, or extension?
plica irritation

Christina (74 decks)

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