Respiratory - Pharmacology Flashcards
How do GPCR work?
drug/hormone/neurotransmitter binds to a receptor site on GPCR, which causes an alpha subunit of protein to break off and control contractions
What does GPCR?
G-protein coupled receptor sites
What two main receptors sites are found in the bronchi?
B2 receptor site and muscarinic receptor
What will bind to the B2 receptor site, and what type of receptor process is it?
Noradrenaline is a beta 2 agonist that binds to a B2 receptor through a GPCR process
After noradrenaline binds to a B2 receptor site, what happens?
The sub-unit activates Adenylyl cyclase, which releases a secondary messenger called cAMP
What does cAMP do in the bronchi?
Relaxes the bronchi smooth muscle
How is cAMP limited?
An enzyme called PDE turns cAMP into AMP
What two things can a alpha sub-unit do?
Activate a secondary messenger
Close or open adrenaline channels
What neurotransmitter typically binds to muscarinic receptor sites in the bronchi, and what type of receptor is it?
ACh binds to a muscarinic receptor through a GPCR process
What enzyme is activated when ACh binds to muscarinic receptors in the bronchi, and what does it lead to the production of?
PLC enzyme is activated and leads to the production of IP3
What does IP3 do in the bronchi?
Binds to, and opens calcium channels. This causes bronchiconstriction
What are cytokines?
Small proteins which coordinate immune response, by causing inflammation
What are mast cells and what two things do they release?
Part of the immune system, which have an inflammatory response, and releases histamine and leukotrienes
What does histamine do in regards to respiratory and vessels?
Vasodilation
Bronchoconstriction
What are leukotrienes?
- Potent Broncho constrictors
- Microvascular leakage and inflammation
- swelling
What is the difference between muscarinic receptor antagonists and b2 receptor agonists in terms of there effect on bronchodilation?
muscarinic receptor antagonists stop the contraction of the airway
b2 receptor agonists reverse the contraction and actively cause dilation
What are phosphodiesterase antagonists?
Blocks PDE, to prevent it limiting cAMP. cAMP allows for bronchodilation
What are two examples of phosphodiesterase antagonists?
Aminophylline
Theophylline
What do steroids do?
Affect DNA coding
What do corticosteroids do for respiratory conditions?
Limit DNA coding of inflammatory enzymes such as leukotrienes and cytokines
What are anti-histamines?
Inverse agonists that reverse production of histamine
What is an examples of a anti-histamine?
chlorphenamine
What is a leukotriene antagonist?
Used in adjunctive treatment in steroid-responsive asthma
How is montelukast administered and what is it?
a tablet that is a leukotriene inhibitor, used for asthma treatment
What is prednisolone?
A corticosteroid
