Cardiovascular Pharmacodynamics Flashcards
Where does the RAAS start?
when renin is released in the kidney
What does the RAAS do?
coordinates a variety of processes for regulation of blood volume and pressure
What are examples of angiotensin receptors sites?
ATR 1 and ATR 2
What is the process of angiotensin 2 production?
- Angiotensinogen is produced in the liver
- renin forms it into angiotensin I
- Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by ACE
Where does angiotensin-converting enzyme come from?
located on plasma membranes of various cells
What does angiotensin 2 do in the pituitary gland?
Release ADH, which causes water reabsorption in the kidneys
What does angiotensin 2 do in the kidneys?
causes sodium reabsorption, which water follows, increasing BP
What drugs can manipulate the RAAS?
ACE inhibitors
aldosterone blockers
What does nitric oxide do?
Inhibits angiotensin 2
vasodilation
anti-inflammatory
inhibits platelet adhesion
What four types of drugs work directly on the kidney?
loop diuretic
thiazide diuretic
potassium sparing
aldosterone antagonist
What 4 effects do calcium channel blockers have?
Vasodilation
Decreased heart rate
decreased force of contraction
What are 3 examples of calcium channel blockers?
Felodioine
verapamil
amlodipine
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
What are 2 effects of beta blockers?
decreased myocardial force of contraction
decreased heart rate
What are beta blockers?
bind to beta-adrenoreceptors , to prevent adrenaline and noradrenaline from binding
What is a side effect of beta blockers?
binds to beta-adrenal receptors, prevents adrenaline and noradrenaline from binding
What are the effects of prostaglandin produced by COX?
inflammation
pain transmission to the brain
temperature regulation
thromboxane synthesis
What do loop diuretics do and name an example?
work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter in the loop of Henle (furosemide)
What do thiazide diuretics do and name an example?
treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and reduce fluid accumulation
(Bendroflumethiazide)
What do potassium sparing drugs do and name an example?
increase urine output, whilst retaining potassium (amiloride)
What do aldosterone antagonists do and name an example?
same as potassium sparing drugs, except by inhibiting aldosterone. treatment of high blood pressure or heart failure (spironolactone)
What are calcium channel blockers?
prevent calcium entering cells of hearts and arteries to lower blood pressure
What does aspirin do?
blocks production of prostaglandin
What is clopidogrel?
Binds to platelets, and inhibits ADP from binding. preventing blood clots
What is CYP450?
a hemeprotein that plays a key role in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics
What is metoclopramide?
Binds at medulla, which is responsible for reflex, so can stop vomiting
What is ondansetron used for?
stops vomiting
What are inotropes?
drugs that alter contractibility of the heart
positive increase the force, whilst negative decrease it
What are chronotropes?
drugs that alter heart rate
positive chronotropes increase heart rate
negative chronotropes decrease heart rate
What is amiodorne?
Blocks potassium, prolonging phase 3 (repolarization) of cardiac action potential
What are NSAIDS?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
