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NPTE Study: Cardiopulmonary > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

ARDS fatality

A

Fatal in 25-40% of people who develop it

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2
Q

Survivors of ARDS may not regain full lung function for how long?

A

A year or greater

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3
Q

Mechanical cause of ARDS

A

Fluid leaks from the smallest blood vessels in the lungs into the alveoli

*normally a protective membrane keeps fluid in the vessels, but INFLAMMATION undermines the membrane’s integrity

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4
Q

Conditions that can damage the lungs and lead to inflammation and ARDS

A
  • severe pneumonia
  • sepsis
  • heart failure
  • multiple/massive blood transfusions
  • serious head/chest injury
  • fat embolism (long bone fx)
  • prolonged use of large volumes of supplemental O2
  • accidental inhalation of vomit or chemicals
  • smoke inhalation
  • near drowning
  • adverse rxn to cancer drugs or other meds
  • drug OD (commonly heroin)
  • shock from any cause
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5
Q

s/s of ARDS

A
  • severe SOB
  • labored and unusually rapid breathing
  • hypotension
  • confusion
  • extreme fatigue
  • cough
  • fever
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6
Q

Asthma etiology

A
  • respiratory infections
  • allergens
  • cold air exposure (or sudden temp change)
  • cigarette smoke
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7
Q

Severe asthma attack sx

A
  • dyspnea
  • nostril flaring
  • diminished wheezing
  • anxiety
  • cyanosis
  • inability to speak

Can result in respiratory failure

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8
Q

Two classes of meds used to treat asthma

A
  • anti-inflammatory agents

- bronchodilators

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9
Q

Asthma: anti-inflammatory agents

A
  • interrupt bronchial inflammation

- PREVENTATIVE

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10
Q

Asthma: bronchodilators

A

dilate the airways by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle

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11
Q

Etiology of atelectasis

A

Conditions and factors that prevent deep breathing and coughing

Think post op pain, pleural effusion, asthma, COPD, CF

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12
Q

Atelectasis: large area affected

S/s

A
  • cyanosis
  • SOB
  • increased breathing rate
  • increased HR
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13
Q

What devices may be used to treat atelectasis?

A
  • positive end-expiratory pressure device (PEEP)

- continuous positive airway pressure device

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14
Q

PT treatments for atelectasis

A
  • deep breathing
  • position changes
  • airway clearance techniques
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15
Q

What causes bronchiectasis?

A

Bronchial walls weaken over time due to infection and allow for permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles

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16
Q

Bronchiectasis s/s

A
  • consistent productive cough
  • hemoptysis
  • weight loss
  • anemia
  • crackles
  • wheezes
  • loud breath sounds
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17
Q

Meds for bronchiectasis

A

Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Expectorants
Mucolytics

18
Q

Primary cause of chronic bronchitis

A

Cigarette smoke

19
Q

People with bronchitis compensate by

A

Use of accessory muscles while breathing

20
Q

Progression of COPD includes

A

alveolar destruction and subsequent air trapping

21
Q

COPD: characteristics of total lung capacity and residual volume

A
  • Increased total lung capacity

- SIGNIFICANT INCREASE in residual volume

22
Q

S/s of COPD

A
  • excessive mucus production
  • chronic productive cough
  • wheezing
  • SOB
  • fatigue
  • reduced exercise capacity
23
Q

CF is an (genetic type) of disease

A

Autosomal recessive

24
Q

CF: mutation of the gene causes

A

Body produces unusually thick, sticky mucus that leads to life-threatening lung infections, obstructs the pancreas, and inhibits normal digestion and food absorption

25
Q

Characteristic s/s of CF

A
  • salty tasting skin
  • persistent/productive cough
  • frequent lung infections
  • wheezing/SOB
  • poor growth/weight gain in spite of good appetite
  • frequent greasy, bulky stools
26
Q

Emphysema: deflation of alveoli

A

Alveoli are permanently deflated and dead space increases in the lungs

27
Q

Emphysema s/s

A
  • SOB
  • wheezing
  • chronic coughing
  • orthopnea
  • BARREL CHEST
  • increased use of accessory muscles
  • fatigue
    Etc.
28
Q

Pleural effusion: excess fluid can cause

A

Can push the pleura agains the lung, making it hard to breath and can cause atelectasis in some cases

29
Q

Pleuritis is caused by

A

Viral infection
Pneumonia
PE
Autoimmune diseases

30
Q

Pleuritis s/s

A
  • SOB

- dry cough, fever, chills (if fluid becomes infected)

31
Q

Large pleural effusion may need this for treatment

A

Chest tube to drain fluid

32
Q

Cause of pneumonia

A

Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection

33
Q

Important consideration about acute pulmonary edema

A

Medical emergency

34
Q

Usual cause of pulmonary edema

A

Left sided heart failure: LV is unable to pump blood adequately

As a result, pressure increases in the L atrium and then in the pulmonary veins and capillaries

Causes fluid to be pushed through the capillary walls into the alveoli

35
Q

Pulmonary edema s/s

A
  • extreme SOB
  • difficulty breathing
  • feeling of SUFFOCATING or DROWNING
  • anxiety/restlessness
  • blood-tinged sputum
  • rapid, irregular pulse
  • cyanosis
  • severe drop in BP
36
Q

PE s/s

A
  • Sudden onset SOB
  • chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing, coughing, eating, or bending
  • coughing up bloody sputum
37
Q

Treatments for PE

A
  • anticoagulants
  • thrombolytic agents

*may require surgery to remove the clot or insert a filter into the inferior vena cava

38
Q

Prevention methods for PE

A

Compression stockings
Pneumatic compression
Physical activity
Drinking fluids

39
Q

Treatment for pulmonary fibrosis

A

No treatment is effective at stopping the progression , but some may improve sx

  • corticosteroids
  • immunosuppressive drugs
  • pulmonary rehab

*may need lung transplant

40
Q

RLD s/s

A
  • dyspnea on exertion
  • persistent NON-PRODUCTIVE cough
  • increased RR
  • HYPOXEMIA and decreased vital capacity
  • abnormal breath sounds
  • reduced exercise tolerance

NPTE Study: Cardiopulmonary (23 decks)

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