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NPTE Study: Cardiopulmonary > PT Tests And Measures 4 > Flashcards

PT Tests And Measures 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal PR interval

A

0.20 seconds

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2
Q

Normal QRS interval

A
  1. 20 to 0.40 seconds

* depends on HR

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3
Q

What are the atrial dysrhythmias?

A
  • Premature atrial contractions (PAC)
  • Atrial flutter
  • Atrial fibrillation
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4
Q

Indication of PAC

A

Premature P wave with abnormal configuration

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5
Q

PAC clinical significance

A
  • Very common, generally benign

- May progress to atrial flutter, tachycardia, or fibrillation

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6
Q

PAC: may happen in normal heart with:

A
  • Caffeine
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
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7
Q

Atrial flutter = atrial rate of

A

250-350 bpm

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8
Q

Atrial flutter is commonly seen with:

A
  • Valvular disease (esp mitral)
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • HTN
  • Acute MI
  • COPD
  • Pulmonary emboli
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9
Q

S/s atrial flutter

A
  • Palpitations
  • Lightheadedness
  • Angina due to rapid rate
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10
Q

What are the AV conduction blocks?

A
  • 1st degree AV block
  • 2nd degree AV block
  • 3rd degree AV block (complete heart block)
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11
Q

This type of conduction block is considered a medical emergency and requires a pacemaker

A

3rd degree AV block

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12
Q

Types of 2nd degree AV blocks

A 
Mobitz I (Wenckebach block)
Mobitz II
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13
Q

Mobitz I block

A

Progressive prolongation of PR interval until one impulse is not conducted

Generally benign

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14
Q

Mobitz II block

A

Consecutive PR intervals are the same and normal followed by nonconduction of one or more impulses

May progress to 3rd degree block

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15
Q

With 3rd degree AV block, what happens to atria and ventricles?

A

Atria and ventricles paced independently

Atrial rate greater than ventricular rate

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16
Q

3rd degree AV block: ventricular rate too slow

A

Leads to drop in cardiac output and pt may faint

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17
Q

3rd degree AV block: common causes

A
  • Degenerative changes of conduction systems
  • Digitalis
  • Heart surgery
  • Acute MI
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18
Q

What are the ventricular arrhythmias?

A
  • Premature ventricular complex (PVC)
  • Ventricular tachycardia (v-tach)
  • Ventricular fibrillation (v-fib)
  • Ventricular asystole
19
Q

What is seen on ECG for PVC’s?

A
  • Absent P wave

- Wide QRS complex with aberrant shape

20
Q

Common causes of PVCs

A
  • Anxiety
  • Caffeine
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • All forms of heart disease
21
Q

ECG of v-tach

A
  • Absent P wave

- QRS complexes wide and aberrant

22
Q

V-tach longer than ____ is a life-threatening arrhythmia and requires immediate medical intervention

A

30 seconds

23
Q

V-tac may degenerate into this

A

Ventricular fibrillation

24
Q

Common causes of v-tach

A
  • MI
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • valvular disease
25
Q

V-fib results in

A
  • No cardiac output

- patient becomes unconscious

26
Q

V-fib

Clinical significance

A

lethal tachyarrhythmia, requires IMMEDIATE defibrillation

27
Q

Common causes of v-fib

A
  • any type of heart disease
  • MI
  • cocaine use
28
Q

Clinical significance of ventricular asystole

A

requires immediate CPR and meds to stimulate cardiac activity

29
Q

Common causes for ventricular asystole

A
  • acute MI
  • ventricular rupture
  • cocaine use
  • lightning strikes
  • electrical shock
30
Q

Signs of myocardial ischemia and infarction

A
  • ST segment depression
  • ST segment elevation
  • Q wave
  • T wave insertion
31
Q

ST segment depression may be indicative of

A
  • ischemia
  • digitalis toxicity
  • hypokalemia
32
Q

Earliest sign of acute transmural infarction

Can also indicate a benign early repolarization pattern in a normal heart

A

ST segment elevation

33
Q

A characteristic marker of infarction. Signifies the loss of positive electrical voltages due to necrosis

A

Q wave

34
Q

Occurs hours or days after an MI as the result of a delay in repolarization produced by the injury

A

T wave inversion

35
Q

ECG strip: determine heart rate

For regular rhythm

A

Divide 300 by number of large squares between two consecutive p waves

Includes fractions of squares

36
Q

ECG strip: determine heart rate

For irregular rhythm

A

Count number of QRS complexes in a 6 second strip

Multiply by 10

37
Q

How to evaluate rhythm

A

Compare R to R intervals

38
Q

Evaluating rhythm: regular

A

R to R intervals are within 0.04 seconds

39
Q

Evaluating rhythm: irregular

Should ask…

A

Is there a pattern or is it totally irregular?

40
Q

Normal PR interval

A

0.12 to 0.20 seconds

41
Q

ECG: purpose of looking at QRS complexes

A

Determine if conduction is normal through the ventricles

42
Q

Normal QRS width

A

0.04-0.10 seconds in all leads

43
Q

Assess ST segment where?

A

0.08 seconds after J point

NPTE Study: Cardiopulmonary (23 decks)

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