Cardio Anatomy Misc Flashcards
When does the tricuspid valve close?
When the RV contracts to pump blood through the pulmonary valve
When does the mitral valve close?
When the LV contracts to pump blood through the aortic valve
From where does oxygenated blood get distributed into coronary and systemic circulations?
Aorta
The coronary arteries are a network of progressively smaller vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the _________
Myocardium
From where do the R and L coronary arteries arise?
Ascending aorta (just beyond where the aorta leaves the LV)
Branches of the R coronary artery
Sinus node artery
R marginal artery
Posterior descending artery
Branches of the L coronary artery
Circumflex artery
L anterior descending artery
R atrium is supplied by this artery
Sinus node artery (R coronary artery)
R ventricle is supplied by this artery
R marginal artery (R coronary artery)
The inferior walls of both ventricles and the inferior portion of the IV septum are supplied by this artery
Posterior descending artery (R coronary artery)
The L atrium, posterior and lateral walls of the L ventricle, and anterior and inferior walls of the LV are supplied by this artery
Circumflex artery (L coronary artery)
The anterior portion of the IV septum is supplied by this artery
LAD (L coronary artery)
How does deoxygenated blood return from the coronary arteries?
Great cardiac vein & small and middle cardiac veins
coronary sinus
R atrium
These veins arise in the myocardium and drain into all chambers of the heart, but primarily into the R atrium and R ventricle
Thebesian veins
Cardiac conduction sequence
SA node Intermodal tracts AV node Common AV bundle (bundle of His) R and L bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Pacemaker of the heart
SA node
In addition to the SA node, heart rate, rhythm, and contractility are also influenced by the ANS, namely these nerves
Vagus and sympathetic cardiac nerves (converge to form the cardiac plexus at the base of the heart)
Sympathetic response achieved by release of these hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
(Heart beats faster and with greater force)
Parasympathetic response achieved by release of these hormones
Acetylcholine from vagus nerve
Slows HR by influence on the SA node
How does the Valsalva maneuver impact the circulatory system?
- Increased intrathoracic pressure
- Increased central venous pressure
- Decreased venous return
(Resultant decrease in cardiac output and BP is sensed by baroreceptors which reflexively increase HR and myocardial contractility through sympathetic stimulation.)
What happens once the glottis is opened again following the Valsalva maneuver?
- Venous return increases
- BP and heart contractility increases
- Increase in BP is sensed by baroreceptors, which reflexively DECREASE the HR through parasympathetic efferent pathways
Normal SV range
60-80 mL (depends on age, sex, and activity)
Normal CO for an adult male at rest
4.5 to 5.0 L/min (women produce slightly less)
CO can increase up to ____ L/min during exercise
25
Normal blood volume for an adult
4.5-5.0 L (women’s volume slightly less than men’s)
Causes of hypovolemia
Bleeding Dehydration from vomiting Diarrhea Sweating Severe burns Diuretic meds used to treat HTN
S/s of hypovolemia
Orthostatic hypotension
Tachycardia
Elevated body temp
Causes of hypervolemia
Excess intake of fluids (e.g. IV or blood transfusion)
Sodium or fluid retention (e.g. heart failure or kidney disease)
S/s of hypervolemia
Swelling in legs
Ascites (fluid in abdomen)
Fluid in the lungs
Plasma is important in these functions
Regulating BP and temperature
5 main types of WBCs
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Types of lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
B lymphocytes
