Cardio Pathology Flashcards
Aneurysm: etiology
- congenital defect
- chronic HTN causes weakness in vessel wall
- connective tissue disease (Marfan)
- trauma
- infection
S/s aortic aneurysm
Often asymptomatic but may include gen’l abdominal or LBP
Pulsations ear the naval
S/s cerebral aneurysm
Sudden, severe HA, N/V Stiff neck Seizure LOC Double vision
2 surgical options for brain aneurysms
Surgical clipping
Endovascular coiling
3 types of angina
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal (variant) angina
Etiology of angina pectoris
Inadequate blood flow and oxygenation fo the heart muscle
Typically due to coronary artery disease
S/s angina
- pressure, heaviness, fullness, squeezing, burning, or aching behind the sternum
- can be felt in neck, back, jaw, shoulders, arms
In addition to pressure, angina may also be accompanied by
- difficulty breathing
- nausea/vomiting
- anxiety or fear
What typically triggers angina
Exertion
Strong emotion
*subsides with rest
Treatment for chronic angina
Long-acting nitrates
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Surgical intervention for angina
Angioplasty with stenting of coronary arteries
Coronary artery bypass surgery
*if meds aren’t effective
Etiology of atherosclerosis
Damage to inner wall of artery from
- HTN
- high cholesterol
- smoking
- DM
Atherosclerosis: s/s
Coronary arteries
Angina pectoris
Atherosclerosis: s/s
Cerebral arteries affected
Numbness
Weakness in extremities
Speech issues/drooping face
Atherosclerosis: s/s
Peripheral arteries affected
Intermittent claudication
Atherosclerosis: s/s
Surgical interventions
Angioplasty
Endarterectomy
Bypass surgery
3 types of cardiomyopathy
Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
Cardiomyopathy causes
Many causes that include
- coronary artery disease
- valvular heart disease
S/s cardiomyopathy
None early on
- breathlessness
- LE swelling
- abdominal bloating (fluid buildup)
- fatigue
- irregular heart beat
- dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting
Cardiomyopathy treatments:
Dilated cardiomyopathy
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Digoxin
Diuretics
Surgical options for severe arrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy treatments:
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Meds to slow HR and stabilize rhythm
- lopressor
- calcium channel blockers
If not effective, surgical mgmt
Cardiomyopathy treatments:
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Focus on improving sx
- diuretics
- antihypertensives
- antiarrhythmics
Chronic venous insufficiency:
Etiology
Weak or damaged valves in the veins
CVI risk factors
Females
Obesity
Pregnancy
Age
CVI treatments
Compression stockings
Elevation of legs
Surgical (varicose vein stripping with persistent ulcers/leg pain)
