Cardio Pathology

Question 1

Aneurysm: etiology

Answer 1

• congenital defect
• chronic HTN causes weakness in vessel wall
• connective tissue disease (Marfan)
• trauma
• infection

Question 2

S/s aortic aneurysm

Answer 2

Often asymptomatic but may include gen’l abdominal or LBP

Pulsations ear the naval

Question 3

S/s cerebral aneurysm

Answer 3

Sudden, severe HA, N/V
Stiff neck
Seizure
LOC
Double vision

Question 4

2 surgical options for brain aneurysms

Answer 4

Surgical clipping

Endovascular coiling

Question 5

3 types of angina

Answer 5

Stable angina
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal (variant) angina

Question 6

Etiology of angina pectoris

Answer 6

Inadequate blood flow and oxygenation fo the heart muscle

Typically due to coronary artery disease

Question 7

S/s angina

Answer 7

• pressure, heaviness, fullness, squeezing, burning, or aching behind the sternum
• can be felt in neck, back, jaw, shoulders, arms

Question 8

In addition to pressure, angina may also be accompanied by

Answer 8

• difficulty breathing
• nausea/vomiting
• anxiety or fear

Question 9

What typically triggers angina

Answer 9

Exertion
Strong emotion

*subsides with rest

Question 10

Treatment for chronic angina

Answer 10

Long-acting nitrates
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers

Question 11

Surgical intervention for angina

Answer 11

Angioplasty with stenting of coronary arteries

Coronary artery bypass surgery

*if meds aren’t effective

Question 12

Etiology of atherosclerosis

Answer 12

Damage to inner wall of artery from

• HTN
• high cholesterol
• smoking
• DM

Question 13

Atherosclerosis: s/s

Coronary arteries

Answer 13

Angina pectoris

Question 14

Atherosclerosis: s/s

Cerebral arteries affected

Answer 14

Numbness
Weakness in extremities
Speech issues/drooping face

Question 15

Atherosclerosis: s/s

Peripheral arteries affected

Answer 15

Intermittent claudication

Question 16

Atherosclerosis: s/s

Surgical interventions

Answer 16

Angioplasty
Endarterectomy
Bypass surgery

Question 17

3 types of cardiomyopathy

Answer 17

Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive

Question 18

Cardiomyopathy causes

Answer 18

Many causes that include

• coronary artery disease
• valvular heart disease

Question 19

S/s cardiomyopathy

Answer 19

None early on

• breathlessness
• LE swelling
• abdominal bloating (fluid buildup)
• fatigue
• irregular heart beat
• dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting

Question 20

Cardiomyopathy treatments:

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 20

ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Digoxin
Diuretics

Surgical options for severe arrhythmias

Question 21

Cardiomyopathy treatments:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 21

Meds to slow HR and stabilize rhythm

• lopressor
• calcium channel blockers

If not effective, surgical mgmt

Question 22

Cardiomyopathy treatments:

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 22

Focus on improving sx

• diuretics
• antihypertensives
• antiarrhythmics

Question 23

Chronic venous insufficiency:

Etiology

Answer 23

Weak or damaged valves in the veins

Question 24

CVI risk factors

Answer 24

Females
Obesity
Pregnancy
Age

Question 25

CVI treatments

Answer 25

Compression stockings
Elevation of legs

Surgical (varicose vein stripping with persistent ulcers/leg pain)