Cardio Pathology 2

Question 1

s/s of atrial septal defect (ASD)

Answer 1

May produce no sx, or sx that only appear after 30 yrs

• heart murmur
• SOB
• fatigue
• swelling (LEs, abdomen)
• palpitations
• frequent lung infections
• stroke
• CYANOSIS

Question 2

ASD tx

Answer 2

Surgical closure recommended

Question 3

Most common sx of older children and adults:

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 3

High BP in arms, but low BP

Intermittent claudication

Question 4

Function of the ductus arteriosus

Answer 4

Shunts blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta in utero

Question 5

S/s large patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 5

Tachycardia
Respiratory distress
Poor eating
Weight loss
CHF

Question 6

What can happen if a large PDA is left untreated?

Answer 6

• pulmonary HTN
• heart failure
• other complications

Question 7

With a VSD, what happens if the hole is large?

Answer 7

Too much blood will be pumped into the lungs, leading to heart failure

Question 8

S/s of VSD

Answer 8

• CYANOSIS
• poor eating, failure to thrive
• breathlessness
• fatigue
• LE swelling, abdominal
• tachycardia

Question 9

S/s of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 9

• CYANOSIS
• SOB, rapid breathing
• fainting
• clubbing of fingers/toes
• poor weight gain
• tiring easily
• irritability/prolonged crying
• heart murmur

Question 10

Tx for tetralogy of fallot

Answer 10

Surgery is only effective tx

• patch VSD
• widen pulmonary valve and pulmonary arteries

Question 11

Without tx, tetralogy of fallot can cause

Answer 11

Infective endocarditis, which may result in death or disability by early adulthood

Question 12

Etiology of Cor pulmonale

Answer 12

Pulmonary HTN from chronically increased resistance in pulmonary circulation

Question 13

Cardinal symptom of Cor Pulmonale

Answer 13

Progressive SOB, especially with exertion

Question 14

About ___% of DVT cases are asymptomatic

Answer 14

50%

Question 15

S/s of DVT

Answer 15

• swelling
• pain
• redness
• warmth

Question 16

Cause of endocarditis

Answer 16

Caused by bacteria that may enter the blood from catheters, needles, dental procedures, gum disease, STI, or inflammatory bowel disease

Question 17

S/s endocarditis

Answer 17

• fever/chills
• weight loss
• heart murmur
• fatigue/SOB
• BLOOD IN URINE
• SKIN PETECHIAE

Question 18

CHF: how does it affect the heart

Answer 18

• ventricles weaken and dilate to the point that the heart can’t pump efficiently
• can affect R/L sides equally, but typically BEGINS with L ventricle

Question 19

Why is it called “congestive” heart failure?

Answer 19

Blood backs up into the liver, abdomen, LEs, and lungs

Question 20

Digitalis may be used in the treatment of CHF to produce

Answer 20

Increase in strength of contraction

Question 21

s/s of CHF

Answer 21

• SOB
• fatigue/weakness
• swelling in LEs, abdomen
• rapid or irregular heartbeat with S3 or S4 heart sound
• persistent cough/wheezing
• weight gain from fluid retention

Question 22

What causes innocent heart murmurs?

Answer 22

When blood flows rapidly through the heart

• activity
• pregnancy
• fever
• anemia

Question 23

Causes of abnormal heart murm

Answer 23

• Turbulent blood flow through a damaged or narrowed heart valve
• hole in one of the heart walls

*other causes: rheumatic fever, endocarditis, calcified valves, mitral valve prolapse

Question 24

s/s heart murmur

Answer 24

• cyanosis
• limb edema
• SOB
• enlarged neck veins
• weight gain
• chest pain
• dizziness/fainting

Question 25

HTN = sustained systolic BP ≥ ___ mm Hg

Answer 25

140 mm Hg

Question 26

HTN = sustained diastolic BP ≥ ___ mm Hg

Answer 26

90 mm Hg

Question 27

Early sign of HTN

Answer 27

S4 heart sound

Question 28

Severe HTN can cause CNS symptoms

Answer 28

Confusion
Cortical blindness
Hemiparesis
Seizures