Cardio Pathology 2 Flashcards
s/s of atrial septal defect (ASD)
May produce no sx, or sx that only appear after 30 yrs
- heart murmur
- SOB
- fatigue
- swelling (LEs, abdomen)
- palpitations
- frequent lung infections
- stroke
- CYANOSIS
ASD tx
Surgical closure recommended
Most common sx of older children and adults:
Coarctation of the aorta
High BP in arms, but low BP
Intermittent claudication
Function of the ductus arteriosus
Shunts blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta in utero
S/s large patent ductus arteriosus
Tachycardia Respiratory distress Poor eating Weight loss CHF
What can happen if a large PDA is left untreated?
- pulmonary HTN
- heart failure
- other complications
With a VSD, what happens if the hole is large?
Too much blood will be pumped into the lungs, leading to heart failure
S/s of VSD
- CYANOSIS
- poor eating, failure to thrive
- breathlessness
- fatigue
- LE swelling, abdominal
- tachycardia
S/s of tetralogy of fallot
- CYANOSIS
- SOB, rapid breathing
- fainting
- clubbing of fingers/toes
- poor weight gain
- tiring easily
- irritability/prolonged crying
- heart murmur
Tx for tetralogy of fallot
Surgery is only effective tx
- patch VSD
- widen pulmonary valve and pulmonary arteries
Without tx, tetralogy of fallot can cause
Infective endocarditis, which may result in death or disability by early adulthood
Etiology of Cor pulmonale
Pulmonary HTN from chronically increased resistance in pulmonary circulation
Cardinal symptom of Cor Pulmonale
Progressive SOB, especially with exertion
About ___% of DVT cases are asymptomatic
50%
S/s of DVT
- swelling
- pain
- redness
- warmth
Cause of endocarditis
Caused by bacteria that may enter the blood from catheters, needles, dental procedures, gum disease, STI, or inflammatory bowel disease
S/s endocarditis
- fever/chills
- weight loss
- heart murmur
- fatigue/SOB
- BLOOD IN URINE
- SKIN PETECHIAE
CHF: how does it affect the heart
- ventricles weaken and dilate to the point that the heart can’t pump efficiently
- can affect R/L sides equally, but typically BEGINS with L ventricle
Why is it called “congestive” heart failure?
Blood backs up into the liver, abdomen, LEs, and lungs
Digitalis may be used in the treatment of CHF to produce
Increase in strength of contraction
s/s of CHF
- SOB
- fatigue/weakness
- swelling in LEs, abdomen
- rapid or irregular heartbeat with S3 or S4 heart sound
- persistent cough/wheezing
- weight gain from fluid retention
What causes innocent heart murmurs?
When blood flows rapidly through the heart
- activity
- pregnancy
- fever
- anemia
Causes of abnormal heart murm
- Turbulent blood flow through a damaged or narrowed heart valve
- hole in one of the heart walls
*other causes: rheumatic fever, endocarditis, calcified valves, mitral valve prolapse
s/s heart murmur
- cyanosis
- limb edema
- SOB
- enlarged neck veins
- weight gain
- chest pain
- dizziness/fainting
HTN = sustained systolic BP ≥ ___ mm Hg
140 mm Hg
HTN = sustained diastolic BP ≥ ___ mm Hg
90 mm Hg
Early sign of HTN
S4 heart sound
Severe HTN can cause CNS symptoms
Confusion
Cortical blindness
Hemiparesis
Seizures
