Respiratory - Lungs Flashcards
What waste product leaves the lungs?
Carbon dioxide
What gas enters the lungs?
Oxygen
What is the structure of the larynx?
Tube like structures at top of trachea
What is the function of the larynx?
Voice box - produce speech and sound
What is the structure of the trachea?
Hollow c-shaped sure - allows oesophagus to stretch when swallowing
Strong and stretchy cartilage
What is the function of the trachea?
Where air travels down into the lungs?
What is the structure of the bronchi?
2 bronchi = 1 bronchus
Lead in from trachea through two branches to left and right lungs
What is the function of the bronchi?
Cartilage that connects the trachea to bronchioles
What is the structure of bronchioles?
Small branches off of bronchi
What is the function of the bronchioles?
Carry air to alveoli
What is the structure of the diaphragm?
Dome shaped muscle
Flattens during inspiration
What is the function of the diaphragm?
It moves down so lungs can inflate
What is the structure of the intercostal muscles?
Muscles in between the ribs
External and internal
What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
Contract which pulls the lungs so they can inflate
What is the structure of the pleural membranes?
2 layers of thin membrane protecting lung
Pleural fluid in pleural cavity
What is the function of the pleural membranes?
Protect the lungs and stops friction - connected to intercostal muscles which contract to pull and inflate lung
What is inspiration?
Breathing in
What is expiration?
Breathing out
What does the pleural fluid in lungs do?
Lubricates the surface so layers slide over each other and prevents friction
What happens during inspiration?
Medulla oblongata sends signals to external intercostal muscles and diaphragm to contract
Rib cage swings up and out
Diaphragm flattens
Pleural membranes pull lung as attached to rib cage
Increases volume in lungs
Decreases air pressure within lungs
Air rushes into lungs
What happens during expiration?
Medulla oblongata stops sending signals to intercostal muscles and diaphragm - goes back to dome shape + muscles pull rib cage in and down
Decrease volume in lungs - air pressure in lungs is greater
Forces co2 out of lungs - deflate
What are alveoli?
Tiny sacs and end of bronchioles where gaseous exchange takes place
What is gaseous exchange?
Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed from it
Why are alveoli walls thin?
One cell thick to make minimal distance for gases to pass through
Why are alveoli walls moist?
Gases dissolve in moisture to help them pass across the gas exchange surface
Why are there lots of alveoli?
Increases surface area and capillaries can surround them and more gaseous exchange takes place
What is a diffusion gradient?
Where one area has a higher concentration or a substance than another
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphospahe
How many phosphates does ATP have?
3
What happens when the chemical bond that holds the 3rd phosphate in ATP is broken?
Releases energy
What can ATP be converted into?
ADP
What does cellular respiration break?
Glucose
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Mitochondria
What is ATP?
A high energy molecule found in every cell that stores and supplies cell with energy it needs
How is ATP formed?
ADP combines with the energy released when we break down glucose, ATP then broken down to ADP which releases energy
What is aerobic respiration?
The process of releasing energy through the oxidation of glucose molecules
What does a mitochondria look like?
Has a highly folded membrane to increase surface area
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When there is no oxygen - strenuous exercise
What is cellular respiration?
Aerobic respiration
How much ATP does it release?
2
What does glucose get converted into during anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid and energy
What happens to glucose during anaerobic respiration?
Partially broken down
What needs to happen to lactic acid?
Needs to be oxidised
