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Health and Social Care - A+P > Cardiovascular - Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it called a double circulatory system?

A

Because there are two parts - systemic (body) and pulmonary (to and from lungs)

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2
Q

What are the two vena cava’s called?

A

Inferior and superior

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3
Q

What vessel does blood enter the heart through?

A

Vena cava

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4
Q

What vessel does blood exit the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What vessel does blood exit the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

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6
Q

What vessel does blood enter the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein

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7
Q

Why is the heart more muscular on the left side?

A

Because it pumps blood to the body so needs to be pumped stronger

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8
Q

What side of heart is the bicuspid valve found?

A

Left

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9
Q

What side of heart is the tricuspid valve found?

A

Right

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10
Q

What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonary valves?

A

Semi lunar valves

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11
Q

Where is haemoglobin oxygenated?

A

The lungs

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12
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Top of right atrium

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13
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Bottom of right atrium

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14
Q

What is the role of the SA node?

A

Makes atria contract at same time

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15
Q

What is the role of the AV node?

A

Sends signal that delays ventricles from pumping until all blood from atria has entered ventricles

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16
Q

What is the SA node known as?

A

The pacemaker

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17
Q

What is the structure of the purkinjie fibres?

A

Very fine, small, specialised fibres

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18
Q

What is the function of the purkinjie fibres?

A

They transmit impulses from AV node to ventricles

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19
Q

What does the AV septum prevent?

A

Stops atria and ventricles from pumping at the same time

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20
Q

What does SA node stand for?

A

Sinoatrial node

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21
Q

What does AV node stand for?

A

Atrioventricular node

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22
Q

What does the P wave show?

A

Contraction of atria

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23
Q

What does the QRS wave show?

A

Contraction of ventricles

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24
Q

What does the T wave show?

A

Relaxation of ventricles

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25
Q

What does the flat line between P and Q show?

A

The 0.1 second delay - impulse reaches AV node for delay

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26
Q

What does the downwards line between P and Q show?

A

The bundle branches carrying signal from AV node to hear apex

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27
Q

What does an ECG show?

A

Electrical current of the heart

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28
Q

What can an ECG indicate?

A

Abnormal heart conditions

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29
Q

What are the outside walls of arteries made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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30
Q

Why are walls of arteries thicker than veins?

A

Because they need to withstand greater pressure

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31
Q

What do arteries have to stretch and recoil?

A

Elastin

32
Q

What do arterioles connect?

A

Arteries and capillaries

33
Q

What structure do arterioles have?

A

They are smaller versions of arteries with muscular walls

34
Q

What structure do capillaries have?

A

One cell thick - enables nutrients and gases to pass through

35
Q

Why do capillaries have low pressure?

A

So diffusion can occur

36
Q

What diffuses through capillaries?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients

37
Q

What do venules connect?

A

Capillaries and veins

38
Q

Do venules have valves?

A

No

39
Q

What size lumen do veins have?

A

Large

40
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

41
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated

42
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry?

A

Mostly oxygenated - excludes pulmonary artery

43
Q

What are the names of vessels to the liver?

A

Hepatic artery, hepatic vein and portal vein

44
Q

What are the names of vessels to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery and renal vein

45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane

46
Q

What diffuses in osmosis?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste

47
Q

Why cant proteins diffuse?

A

They are too large

48
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

a yellowish liquid made from blood plasma

49
Q

What does tissue fluid do?

A

It bathes all cells + acts as transport medium between blood and cells
Supplies nutrients to tissues and receive carbon dioxide and other waste materials from surrounding tissue

50
Q

What substances are found in tissue fluid?

A

WBC’s, oxygen, sugars, salts, amino acids and hormones

51
Q

What is tissue fluid made up of?

A

Small molecules and water found in plasma

52
Q

How is tissue fluid made?

A

Fluid leaves capillaries and enters tissues

53
Q

What does plasma contain that tissue fluid doesn’t?

A

Large proteins

54
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Capillaries are narrower than arterioles so pressure builds up which forces water out of blood plasma

55
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is resisted by the lower water potential of blood caused by blood proteins that are too large to leave capillaries = osmotic pressure

56
Q

What us ultrafiltration?

A

Pressure pushes water and small molecules out of capillary leaving cells and large proteins behind

57
Q

When does osmosis occur in blood?

A

Capillaries take in water (containing waste) from blood plasma, reducing hydrostatic pressure.

58
Q

What happens to any remaining tissue fluid?

A

It enters lymph vessels and goes back to veins

59
Q

What happens to tissue fluid that doesn’t go back to capillaries?

A

Enters lymphatic system and forms lymph

60
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

Lymphatic capillaries, lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue

61
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

Vein-like lymph vessels containing valves

62
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Sac-like organs that trap pathogens + foreign substances - contain lots of WBC ‘s

63
Q

Where is lymphatic tissue found?

A

Spleen, thymus and tonsils

64
Q

What does lymphatic tissue contain?

A

Large amounts of WBC’s involved in their development

65
Q

What is blood made of?

A

55% water, 45% cells (mostly erythrocytes)

66
Q

What is serum made up of?

A

Mainly water, some proteins, ions and nutrients - no fibrinogen

67
Q

What is lymph made up of?

A

Mainly water, some small molecules and lipids

68
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

Mainly water - plus proteins, ions, nutrients and waste

69
Q

What is tissue fluid made up of?

A

Mainly water - plus small molecules e.g. oxygen

70
Q

What are the 3 types of blood proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

71
Q

What is the structure of albumins?

A

Largest out of 3 proteins and contribute to viscosity of plasma

72
Q

What do albumins do?

A

Main contributers to osmotic pressure, allow tissue fluid to move back to capillaries.

73
Q

What happens if we have a lack of albumins?

A

Lead to build up of tissue fluid in tissues = oedema

74
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Have antibodies and immunoglobulins

They are protective proteins made by lymphocytes that are essential to immune system

75
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

Helps blood clot

76
Q

What does lymphatic system do?

A

Drainage and filtration, remove excess fluid from tissues, absorbs fatty acids and transports to bloodstream to go to small intestine, produces lymphocytes

Health and Social Care - A+P (26 decks)

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