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Pharmacology > Respiratory Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Some etiologies of respiratory disease

A

-allergy -aspiration -bacteria -congenital defects -fungi -immunologic -neoplasia -neurologic conditions -parasites -trauma -viruses

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2
Q

3 respiratory defense mechanisms

A

1.Nasal cavity 2.Protective reflexes 3.Mucociliary clearance

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3
Q

3 principles of respiratory therapy

A
  1. control secretions 2.control of reflexes 3.maintain normal airflow to alveoli
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4
Q

Explain how we can control secretions

A
  • decrease production or increase eliminations
    -remove cause of secretions
    -make secretions less viscid
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5
Q

explain how we can control reflexes

A

-suppress cough if non-productive
-control sneezing
-control bronchospasms

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6
Q

Explain how we can maintain normal airflow to alveoli

A

-reverse bronchoconstriction
-remove edema or mucus from alveoli or air passages
-provide oxygen therapy

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7
Q

What is aerosolization (nebulization)?

A

allows delivery of drugs at high concentrations directly to airways w/ minimal blood levels

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8
Q

Distribution of nebulized drug is affected by what factors?

A

size of inhaled particles must be 1-5 microns, smaller exhaled ; larger remain in URT

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9
Q

8 categories of respiratory drugs

A

-expectorants - mucolytics - antitussives -bronchodilators - decongestants - antihistamines -corticosteriods - misc. drugs

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10
Q

What is an expectorant drug?

A

drugs that liquefy and dilute viscous respiratory secretions. USED W/ PRODUCTIVE COUGHS ONLY

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11
Q

What drug is found in the expectorants category

A

Guaifenesin (Glyceryl Guaicacolate)
-Found in cough medicine
-Used in horses as part of general anesthetic protocol
-Adverse effects: nausea, drowsiness

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12
Q

what is a mucolytic?

A

a drug that breaks down chemical structure of mucus so viscosity decreases

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13
Q

What drug is in the mucolytics category?

A

acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Sputolysin)
-nebulization used for respiratory tx
-oral/iv form used for acetaminophen toxicity

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14
Q

What is an antitussive?

A

a drug that inhibits or suppress coughing

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15
Q

How do antitussives work

A

-only used for suppression of non-productive cough
-can be centrally or peripheral in action
-central acting drugs suppress cough center in brain
-peripheral acting drugs depress cough receptors in airways (cough drops or lozenges); not practical in vet med

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16
Q

What drugs are in the centrally acting antitussive group?

A

butorphanol tartrate, hydrocodone bitartrate, codeine, dextromethorphan, temaril-P

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17
Q

What is butorphanol tartrate

A

-opioid, CIV
-also used as PA and analgesic
-side effects: sedation and ataxia

18
Q

What is hydrocodone bitartrate

A

opioid, CII
side effects: sedation, constipation, GI upset

19
Q

What is codeine

A

-opioid, CV, or III or II (depending on amount)
-side effects: sedation and constipation

20
Q

What is dextromethorphan in Dimetapp, Robitussin

A

-non-narcotic but chemically similar to codeine
-no analgesia or addictive properties
-side effects: drowsiness and GI upset

21
Q

What is temaril-P

A

-trimeprazine tartrate (antitussive) and prednisolone ( a corticosteroid)
-side effects: sedation, depression, hypotension, minor CNS signs

22
Q

What effect of PNS stimulation in the respiratory system?

A

bronchoconstriction and increased secretions

23
Q

What is the effect of SNS stimulation in the respiratory system

A

bronchodilation, decreased secretions

24
Q

_ may occur through the following 3 mechanisms:
1.Release of Ash at PNS nerve endings or inhibition of Achase
2.Stimulation of H1 histamine receptors
3.Blockade of beta-2 adrenergic receptors

A

bronchoconstriction

25
Q

List the 4 categories of bronchodilators that block the mechanisms of bronchoconstriction

A

-Cholinergic blockers
-Antihistamines
-Beta-2-Adrenergic Agonists
-Methylxanthines

26
Q

How do bronchodilators- cholinergic blockers work

A

bind to Ach receptors and block Ach effects

27
Q

drugs in the bronchodilators- cholinergic blockers category

A

-atropine
-aminopentamide
-glycopyrrolate
( these 3 have limited use for this except in OP or carbamate toxicity)
-Ipratropium bromide
(for equine pulmonary obstructive disease)

28
Q

Drugs used in the bronchodilator: Beta-2-Adrenergic Agonists category

A

Epinephrine
Isoproterenol
Albuterol, Clenbuterol, Terbutaline, Metaproterenol

29
Q

Adverse effects of beta 2 adrenergic agonists as bronchodilators

A

tachycardia and hypertension

30
Q

How do methylxanthines work

A

inhibit an enzyme in smooth muscle, promoting bronchodilation

31
Q

Drugs in the Methylxanthine category

A

-aminophylline -theophylline -caffeine -theobromide

32
Q

Adverse SE of methylxanthines

A

GI upset, CNS stimulation, tachycardia, ataxia, arrhythmia

33
Q

How do decongestants work

A

decrease congestion of nasal membranes by decreasing swelling by vasoconstriction

34
Q

Drugs in the decongestant category

A

-Ephedrine
-Pseudoephedrine
-Phenylpropanolamine
-Oxymetazoline
-Phenylephrine

35
Q

How do antihistamines work

A

block effects of histamine released from mast cells by allergic response

36
Q

Antihistamine drugs

A

-diphenhydramine - hydroxyzine (Benadryl) -ceterizine (Zyrtec)

37
Q

Adverse SE of antihistamines

A

sedation and GI upset

38
Q

How do corticosteroids work

A

decrease inflammatory response of allergic respiratory conditions, equine obstructive pulmonary disease

39
Q

Corticosteriod drugs

A

-prednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Delta-Cortef)
-prednisolone
-dexamethasone
-beclomethasone dipropionate
-triamcinolone

40
Q

Misc drugs and uses

A

-antimicrobials for bacterial infections
-mast cell stabilizers for allergic responses
-diuretics when pulmonary edema is a prob.
-respiratory stimulants

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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