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Pharmacology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics is the study of _ _ which includes

A

drug motion; absorption, blood levels, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics involves understanding the interactions between

A

the chemical components of living systems and the drugs that enter those systems

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3
Q

An IV drug is _% bioavailable

A

100

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4
Q

A drug must reach the _ _ in sufficient concentration in order to be effective

A

target tissue

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5
Q

A _ dose may be used to allow for adequate concentration of the drug in the target tissue

A

loading

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6
Q

Absorption ends in organs of

A

metabolism and elimination

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7
Q

_ refers to the fraction of a drug dose that reaches the bloodstream

A

Bioavailability

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8
Q

Absorption is influenced by the ___ of a drug

A

route of administration

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9
Q

Routes of administration

A

PO
Parental:
-IV, IM,SQ, IP,IA,IC,Epidural,Etc.
Inhalation
Topical

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10
Q

Speed of absorption in order

A

IV/IO
Transtracheal (ETT)
Sublingual
Rectal
IM
SQ
Oral

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11
Q

Duration of action

A

PO>SQ>IM>IV

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12
Q

Drug distribution=

A

movement of an absorbed drug from the blood to the various tissues of the body

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13
Q

Drug distribution refers to the reversible transfer of a drug between

A

the blood and the extra vascular fluids and tissues of the body

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14
Q

The most important physical barrier to drug movement is the --_ which limits drugs from entering the central nervous system

A

blood-brain-barrier (BBB)

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15
Q

An important component of the BBB is the P-glycoprotein pump which is

A

a protein that protects the brain from exposure to various drugs and substances by actively pumping them out of the cells

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16
Q

Anatomic barriers

A

BBB, Epidural barrier, Blood-testis barrier

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17
Q

Primary organ of biotransformation is

A

the liver

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18
Q

Biotransformation aka chemical modification of a drug is the ability of the body

A

to change a drug from the form in which it was delivered into a form that can be eliminated from the body

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19
Q

Most drugs are metabolized by the _ and eliminated via the _

A

liver; kidneys (urine)

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20
Q

Drugs may also be secreted via

A

sweat, bile/feces, lungs, etc

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21
Q

Steady state

A

amount administered=amount eliminated

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22
Q

Most common diseases that impact drug PK

A

liver disease, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease

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23
Q

How does cardiovascular disease affect the body

A

-Alters distribution of blood flow to tissues
-More blood is distributed to the brain and heart
-Alterations in gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal blood flow impact drug
-P often on multiple drugs

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24
Q

Decreased drug elimination =

A

increasing plasma drug concentrations

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25
Q

Increased _ _ associated with kidney disease can alter the volume of distribution of drugs

A

fluid retention

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26
Q

With liver disease, patients may have decreased amounts of

A

plasma proteins

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27
Q

No drug has a

A

single effect

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28
Q

Pharmacodynamics is the study of

A

the mechanisms by which a drug produces a physiologic change within the body

29
Q

Drug molecules combine w/ _ _ to create a physiologic change in cell function

A

cellular receptors

30
Q

Agonist

A

a drug with a high level of affinity for a receptor

31
Q

Antagonist

A

a drug that blocks another drug from binding with a receptor

32
Q

Therapeutics is the study of

A

drug use in the tx of disease

33
Q

Partial agonist

A

a drug with weak affinity for a receptor

34
Q

Antagonist are most commonly

A

reversal drugs

35
Q

Drugs are used to treat disease based on the following methods:

A

diagnostic
empirical/ symptomatic

36
Q

Drug regimen components

A

route of administration
amount to be given (dosage)
how often to give the drug (frequency)
how long to give the drug (duration)

37
Q

As an RVT you should be aware of

A

Indications
Contraindications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics

38
Q

Side effect is an imprecise term often used to refer to a

A

drug’s unintended effects that occur within the therapeutic range

39
Q

Adverse drug reaction is a broad term referring to

A

unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug or the “carriers” in the drug may have

40
Q

Adverse drug reactions may result from

A

using the wrong drug, wrong dose, wrong interval, route of administration, wrong patient

41
Q

Carriers =

A

inactive ingredients

42
Q

FDA regulates

A

drugs, food additives, and medical devices

43
Q

USDA (US department of agriculture) regulates

A

biologics (vaccines, serums, antitoxins)

44
Q

EPA (Environmental protection agency) regulates

A

pesticides

45
Q

The FDA requires that each drug be labeled with

A

-drug name (both generic and trade)
-drug concentration and quantity
-name and address of manufacturer
-controlled substance status
-manufacturers control or lot #
-drugs expiration date
-package insert (list of instructions, warnings)

46
Q

Effective dose

A

the amount of the test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that receive it (ED50)

47
Q

Lethal dose

A

the amount of the test drug that kills 50% of the animals that receive it (LD50)

48
Q

Thereapeutic index is the

A

drug dosage or dose that produces the desired effect w/ minimal or no signs of toxicity aka margin of safety

49
Q

Therapeutic index is determined by

A

comparing lethal dose and effective dose of the drug (LD50 divided by ED50)

50
Q

In the US, new veterinary drugs must go through a series of tests mandated by the _

A

FDA

51
Q

The larger the number that is produced by dividing LD50 and ED50 the greater the level of _

A

safety

52
Q

A wide therapeutic index means that the drug can produce its desired effect without

A

approaching toxicity

53
Q

What are residues

A

quantities of drug that remain in animal products when they are consumed

54
Q

What is a withdrawal period

A

the minimum period of time from administering the last dose of medication and the use of meat or other animal-derived products for food

55
Q

Prescription drugs are regulated by the FDA and are limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian or physician because of their

A

potential danger, toxicity concerns, administration difficulty, or other considerations

56
Q

Prescription drugs are prescribed to animals once a ____ has been established

A

veterinarian/ client/ patient relationship

57
Q

Extra label drugs are drugs used in a manner that is

A

not specifically described on the FDA approved label

58
Q

Extra label drug use is allowed under what act

A

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)

59
Q

Why are controlled substances considered dangerous

A

because of their potential for human abuse or misuse

60
Q

Controlled substances are regulated by the

A

DEA (Drug enforcement agency)

61
Q

Schedule levels for controlled drugs

A

Schedule I
Schedule II/IIN (2/2N)
Schedule III/IIIN (3/3N)
Schedule IV
Schedule V

62
Q

Controlled substances must be stored in

A

a locked cabinet or safe

63
Q

How long should controlled substance records should be kept for

A

2 years

64
Q

Dietary supplements fall between category of _ and category of _

A

food; drugs

65
Q

What a nutraceutical

A

a non drug substance that is produced in a purified or extracted form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function w/ the intent of improving the health and well-being of animals

66
Q

What is compounding

A

manipulation of a drug other than provided for on approved drug label (diluting, mixing with another drug in the same syringe)

67
Q

Disposal of unwanted drugs

A

1.Incinerate
2.If cannot incinerate, drugs sent to landfill
3.Never flush
4.Maintain inventory control
5.Always follow federal and state guidelines

68
Q
A

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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