Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Ch. 14 Drugs used to relieve pain and inflammation > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Drugs used to relieve pain and inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Pain may occur alone or with _

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is physiologic pain

A

beneficial in that it can allow the animal to avoid damaging stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathologic pain results from what

A

tissue or nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Visceral pain effects

A

hollow abdominal organs, liver, heart, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

somatic pain effects

A

musculoskeletal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Severe or chronic pain is detrimental as it stimulates the

A

sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drugs used to control pain

A

-Steroids
-NSAIDs
-Opioids
-Alpha-2 agonists
-Ketamine
-Local anesthetics
-Other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

best management is _ and _

A

preemptive and multimodal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Severe or continuous _ must be reduced to avoid additional damage to the body

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two main groups of anti-inflammatory drugs

A

-Steroidal (block the action of phospholipase)
-Non-steroidal (block the action of cyclooxygenase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do anti-inflammatory drugs prevent

A

formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent mediators of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Corticosteroids used in vet med

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory effects due to their inhibition of

A

phospholipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effects does the presence of GC have in the body

A

-Raise conc. of liver glycogen and increase BG
-Affect carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
-Regulated by negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Short acting glucocorticoids

A

(duration of action <12hrs)
CORTISONE and hydroCORTISONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intermediate acting glucocorticoids

A

(duration of action 12-36 hrs)
PrednisONE, prednisolONE, prednisolONE sodium succinate, methylprednisolONE, methylprednisolONE acetate, and triamcinolONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Long acting glucocorticoids

A

(duration of action >36hrs)
DexaMETHASONE, betaMETHASONE, and flucoinolone, fluMETHASONE, paraMETHASONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical uses for corticosteroids

A

-allergic rxns
-skin disorders
-inflamaotry conditions of musculoskeletal system (IVDD)
-Shock
-Laminitis
-Addison’s disease
-Inflammatory ocular conditions
-Autoimmune disease
-Neoplasia (LSA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Benefits of glucocorticoids

A

-reduce inflammation and pain
-relieve pruritus
-reduce scarring by delaying wound healing
-reduce tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All of the following are drawbacks of _
Delay wound healing

Increase risk of infection

May cause GI ulceration and bleeding

Increase risk of corneal ulceration if damage exists

May induce abortion in some species

Immunosuppression

Endocrine disorders

A

Glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When possible, use _ form of glucocorticoid to avoid systemic imbalances

A

topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What should be done with glucocorticoids to prevent iatrogenic Cushing’s disease

A

alternate-day dosing at lowest dose possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What should be done with glucocorticoids to prevent iatrogenic Addison’s disease

A

Taper animal off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Never ever use _ and _ together, P will most likely develop severe GI bleeding

A

NSAIDS and Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Never put steroids in an eye that has an _

A

ulcer

27
Q

2 forms of cyclooxygenase

A

Cox-1: (physiologic) maintains physiologic functions like platelet function, renal blood flow and synthesis of gastric mucosa

Cox-2: (inducible) promotes formation of PG from cell membrane arachidonic acid

28
Q

NSAIDS have _ side effects than glucocorticoid drugs

A

fewer

29
Q

Side effects of NSAIDS

A

-GI ulceration
-Bone marrow suppression
-Nephrotoxicity
-hepatotoxicity

30
Q

Cox-2 selective drugs are thought to produce fewer _ SE

A

GI

31
Q

Salicyclates are potent inhibitors of

A

prostaglandin synthesis

32
Q

Example of a salicylate including SE

A

aspirin; GI problems

33
Q

Clinical uses for salicylates

A

HW tx
TE, blood thinner
Analgesia

34
Q

Signs of salicylate toxicity

A

-GI problems (anorexia, pain, V/D)
-Resp. problems (panting)
-Neuro problems (restlessness, anxiety, seizures)
-Bleeding problems
-Kidney failure

35
Q

Example of pyrazolone derivatives: phenylbutazone:

A

an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory

used in equine for musculoskeletal pain

Parenteral form given IV only!!

36
Q

Example of pyrazolone derivatives: Flunixin meglumine (Banamine)

A

used in cattle and horses for musculoskeletal and colic pain

a potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory

37
Q

Examples of Cox-2 inhibitors

A

Deracoxib (deramaxx)
Robenacoxib (onisor)
Meloxicam (metacam)

38
Q

SE of selective cox-2 inhibitors

A

v/d, anorexia, blood abnormalities

39
Q

Examples of propionic acid derivatives

A

ibuproFEN, ketoproFEN, carproFEN, and naproxen

40
Q

SE of propionic acid derivatives

A

GI problems and possible liver toxicities

41
Q

why should you use caution when applying Dimethyl sulfide (DMSO)

A

able to penetrate skin and serve as a carrier of other drugs (may cause burning)

42
Q

_ is another non-narcotic analgesic, which includes the drug Tylenol

A

Acetaminophen

43
Q

Non-Cox inhibiting drug that is selective antagonist of specific prostaglandin receptors, thereby reducing pain and inflammation

Effectively suppresses pain while reducing the effects on the GI tract, kidney, and blood clotting mechanism

A

Gapiprant (Galliprant)

44
Q

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan is made from _ _, and treats arthritis by addressing the underlying cartilage deterioration and controlling the clinical signs. Promotes activity in the synovial membrane

A

bovine cartilage

45
Q

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan is used in combo with other drugs to control _ and _ _. FDA approved (horses, dogs) for IM injections

A

pain and clinical signs

46
Q

Polysaccharide groups in proteoglycans are called _

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

47
Q

GAGS include:

A

Hyaluronic acid: part of joint fluid; given intra-articulary, helps cushion degenerating joints

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: believed to play a role in the maintenance of cartilage

48
Q

Opioid analgesics control pain by

A

blocking or inhibiting pain impulses to the higher CNS centers that are responsible for the perception of pain

49
Q

Opioid agonists are excellent for _ to _ pain control

A

moderate to severe

50
Q

Effects of opioids

A

analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, addiction; excitement in cats, horses

51
Q

Opioid agonists examples

A

-Morphine
-Fentanyl
-Codeine
-Hydromorphone
-meperidine
-Oxymorphone
-Methadone

52
Q

Opioid agonist-antagonist bind _ but antagonize _

A

kappa; mu

53
Q

Example of opioid agonist-antagonist

A

butorphanol

54
Q

Example of opioid partial agonists

A

Buprenorphine

Simbadol, Buprenex

55
Q

Opioid partial agonists bind _ but only partially activate them

A

Mu

56
Q

Examples of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists

A

Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine, Medetomidine, Detomidine

57
Q

_ is a dissociative anesthetic/NMDA receptor antagonist used to help prevent “windup pain” and allows use of lower dosage opioids

A

Ketamine

58
Q

Drug that does the following:
Nu-receptor opiate-like agonist

Inhibits uptake of NE and serotonin, behaving like an alpha-2 agonist

Used for post-op pain, chronic pain (dogs and horses)

SE: anxiety, tremor, v/d, sedation

Can be used in combo w/ NSAIDs or steroids

A

Tramadol

59
Q

H1 blockers (antihistamines) are used to tx

A

pruritus, laments, motion sickness, anaphylactic shocks, some upper respiratory conditions

60
Q

H1 blocker examples

A

Diphenhydramine
Meclizine
Chlorpheniramine
Hydroxyzine

61
Q

H2 blocker examples

A

Cimetidine
Famotidine
Ranitidine

62
Q

Skeletal muscle relaxants may be used as an aid in the tx of

A

acute inflammatory/traumatic conditions involving the muscle

Methocarbamol (Robaxin)

Clinical uses: IVDD, Strain/sprain, tying up

63
Q

Epidural uses

A

replace prolapsed uterus, amputation, etc.

64
Q

Paravertebral drug uses

A

C-section in cattle

Pharmacology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions