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Pharmacology > Ch. 14 Drugs used to relieve pain and inflammation > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Drugs used to relieve pain and inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Pain may occur alone or with _

A

inflammation

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2
Q

What is pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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3
Q

What is physiologic pain

A

beneficial in that it can allow the animal to avoid damaging stimuli

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4
Q

Pathologic pain results from what

A

tissue or nerve damage

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5
Q

Visceral pain effects

A

hollow abdominal organs, liver, heart, lungs

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6
Q

somatic pain effects

A

musculoskeletal pain

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7
Q

Severe or chronic pain is detrimental as it stimulates the

A

sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Drugs used to control pain

A

-Steroids
-NSAIDs
-Opioids
-Alpha-2 agonists
-Ketamine
-Local anesthetics
-Other

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9
Q

best management is _ and _

A

preemptive and multimodal

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10
Q

Severe or continuous _ must be reduced to avoid additional damage to the body

A

inflammation

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11
Q

Two main groups of anti-inflammatory drugs

A

-Steroidal (block the action of phospholipase)
-Non-steroidal (block the action of cyclooxygenase)

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12
Q

What do anti-inflammatory drugs prevent

A

formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent mediators of inflammation

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13
Q

Corticosteroids used in vet med

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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14
Q

Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory effects due to their inhibition of

A

phospholipase

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15
Q

What effects does the presence of GC have in the body

A

-Raise conc. of liver glycogen and increase BG
-Affect carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
-Regulated by negative feedback

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16
Q

Short acting glucocorticoids

A

(duration of action <12hrs)
CORTISONE and hydroCORTISONE

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17
Q

Intermediate acting glucocorticoids

A

(duration of action 12-36 hrs)
PrednisONE, prednisolONE, prednisolONE sodium succinate, methylprednisolONE, methylprednisolONE acetate, and triamcinolONE

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18
Q

Long acting glucocorticoids

A

(duration of action >36hrs)
DexaMETHASONE, betaMETHASONE, and flucoinolone, fluMETHASONE, paraMETHASONE

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19
Q

Clinical uses for corticosteroids

A

-allergic rxns
-skin disorders
-inflamaotry conditions of musculoskeletal system (IVDD)
-Shock
-Laminitis
-Addison’s disease
-Inflammatory ocular conditions
-Autoimmune disease
-Neoplasia (LSA)

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20
Q

Benefits of glucocorticoids

A

-reduce inflammation and pain
-relieve pruritus
-reduce scarring by delaying wound healing
-reduce tissue damage

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21
Q

All of the following are drawbacks of _
Delay wound healing

Increase risk of infection

May cause GI ulceration and bleeding

Increase risk of corneal ulceration if damage exists

May induce abortion in some species

Immunosuppression

Endocrine disorders

A

Glucocorticoids

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22
Q

When possible, use _ form of glucocorticoid to avoid systemic imbalances

A

topical

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23
Q

What should be done with glucocorticoids to prevent iatrogenic Cushing’s disease

A

alternate-day dosing at lowest dose possible

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24
Q

What should be done with glucocorticoids to prevent iatrogenic Addison’s disease

A

Taper animal off

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25
Never ever use _ and _ together, P will most likely develop severe GI bleeding
NSAIDS and Steroids
26
Never put steroids in an eye that has an _
ulcer
27
2 forms of cyclooxygenase
Cox-1: (physiologic) maintains physiologic functions like platelet function, renal blood flow and synthesis of gastric mucosa Cox-2: (inducible) promotes formation of PG from cell membrane arachidonic acid
28
NSAIDS have _ side effects than glucocorticoid drugs
fewer
29
Side effects of NSAIDS
-GI ulceration -Bone marrow suppression -Nephrotoxicity -hepatotoxicity
30
Cox-2 selective drugs are thought to produce fewer _ SE
GI
31
Salicyclates are potent inhibitors of
prostaglandin synthesis
32
Example of a salicylate including SE
aspirin; GI problems
33
Clinical uses for salicylates
HW tx TE, blood thinner Analgesia
34
Signs of salicylate toxicity
-GI problems (anorexia, pain, V/D) -Resp. problems (panting) -Neuro problems (restlessness, anxiety, seizures) -Bleeding problems -Kidney failure
35
Example of pyrazolone derivatives: phenylbutazone:
an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory used in equine for musculoskeletal pain Parenteral form given IV only!!
36
Example of pyrazolone derivatives: Flunixin meglumine (Banamine)
used in cattle and horses for musculoskeletal and colic pain a potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
37
Examples of Cox-2 inhibitors
Deracoxib (deramaxx) Robenacoxib (onisor) Meloxicam (metacam)
38
SE of selective cox-2 inhibitors
v/d, anorexia, blood abnormalities
39
Examples of propionic acid derivatives
ibuproFEN, ketoproFEN, carproFEN, and naproxen
40
SE of propionic acid derivatives
GI problems and possible liver toxicities
41
why should you use caution when applying Dimethyl sulfide (DMSO)
able to penetrate skin and serve as a carrier of other drugs (may cause burning)
42
_ is another non-narcotic analgesic, which includes the drug Tylenol
Acetaminophen
43
Non-Cox inhibiting drug that is selective antagonist of specific prostaglandin receptors, thereby reducing pain and inflammation Effectively suppresses pain while reducing the effects on the GI tract, kidney, and blood clotting mechanism
Gapiprant (Galliprant)
44
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan is made from _ _, and treats arthritis by addressing the underlying cartilage deterioration and controlling the clinical signs. Promotes activity in the synovial membrane
bovine cartilage
45
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan is used in combo with other drugs to control _ and _ _. FDA approved (horses, dogs) for IM injections
pain and clinical signs
46
Polysaccharide groups in proteoglycans are called _
glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
47
GAGS include:
Hyaluronic acid: part of joint fluid; given intra-articulary, helps cushion degenerating joints Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: believed to play a role in the maintenance of cartilage
48
Opioid analgesics control pain by
blocking or inhibiting pain impulses to the higher CNS centers that are responsible for the perception of pain
49
Opioid agonists are excellent for _ to _ pain control
moderate to severe
50
Effects of opioids
analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, addiction; excitement in cats, horses
51
Opioid agonists examples
-Morphine -Fentanyl -Codeine -Hydromorphone -meperidine -Oxymorphone -Methadone
52
Opioid agonist-antagonist bind _ but antagonize _
kappa; mu
53
Example of opioid agonist-antagonist
butorphanol
54
Example of opioid partial agonists
Buprenorphine Simbadol, Buprenex
55
Opioid partial agonists bind _ but only partially activate them
Mu
56
Examples of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists
Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine, Medetomidine, Detomidine
57
_ is a dissociative anesthetic/NMDA receptor antagonist used to help prevent "windup pain" and allows use of lower dosage opioids
Ketamine
58
Drug that does the following: Nu-receptor opiate-like agonist Inhibits uptake of NE and serotonin, behaving like an alpha-2 agonist Used for post-op pain, chronic pain (dogs and horses) SE: anxiety, tremor, v/d, sedation Can be used in combo w/ NSAIDs or steroids
Tramadol
59
H1 blockers (antihistamines) are used to tx
pruritus, laments, motion sickness, anaphylactic shocks, some upper respiratory conditions
60
H1 blocker examples
Diphenhydramine Meclizine Chlorpheniramine Hydroxyzine
61
H2 blocker examples
Cimetidine Famotidine Ranitidine
62
Skeletal muscle relaxants may be used as an aid in the tx of
acute inflammatory/traumatic conditions involving the muscle Methocarbamol (Robaxin) Clinical uses: IVDD, Strain/sprain, tying up
63
Epidural uses
replace prolapsed uterus, amputation, etc.
64
Paravertebral drug uses
C-section in cattle

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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