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Pharmacology > Ch. 12 Anti-infective Drugs > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Anti-infective Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of antimicrobial tx?

A

to render the microbe helpless (either by killing them or inhibiting their replication) and not hurt the animal being treated

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2
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

a chemical substance that has the capacity, in diluted solutions, to kill (biocidal activity) or inhibit the growth (biostatic activity) of microbes

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3
Q

Classifications of antimicrobials

A

Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antivirals
Antiprotozoals
Antiparasitics

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4
Q

Pathogenic microorganisms can be classified as

A

local or systemic

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5
Q

A localized infection may involve _ or an _ _ and may progress into a systemic infections

A

skin; internal organ

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6
Q

A systemic infection involves the whole animal and is more _ than a local infection

A

serious

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7
Q

Antibiotics work only on _ and are described by their spectrum of action (range of _ for which the agent is effective)

A

bacteria

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8
Q

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics only work on _ or _ bacteria. (Not both)

A

gram-postive or gram-negative

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9
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics work on

A

both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (but not necessarily all)

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10
Q

Antibiotics can be classified as _ or _

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic

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11
Q

Bactericidals do what

A

kill the bacteria

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12
Q

Bacteriostatics do what

A

inhibit the growth or replication of bacteria

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13
Q

What does antibiotic resistance mean

A

that the bacteria survive and continue to multiply after administration of the antibiotic

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14
Q

What can develop through the following:
-bacterial mutation
-bacteria acquiring genes that code for resistance

A

antibiotic resistance

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15
Q

What is an antibiotic residue

A

the presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products

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16
Q

What can antibiotic residues cause

A

allergic reactions in humans or produce resistant bacteria that can be transferred to people who consume these products

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17
Q

Withdrawal times for antibiotics are aimed at eliminating:

A

antibiotic residues in food-producing animals

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18
Q

Penicillins have - structure that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

beta-lactam

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19
Q

Penicillin G and V are _-spectrum gram positive antibiotics

A

narrow

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20
Q

Penicillin G is given _

A

parenterally

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21
Q

Penicillin V is given _

A

orally

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22
Q

Broader-spectrum penicillins are -

A

semi-synthetic

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23
Q

Examples of broader spectrum penicillins

A

-AmoxiCILLIN
-AmpiCILLIN
-CarbeniCILLIN
-TicarCILLIN
-MethiCILLIN

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24
Q

Examples of beta-lactamase resistant penicillins

A

-methicillin
-oxacillin
-dicloxacillin
-cloxacillin
-floxacillin

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25
Q

Potentiated penicillins are chemically combined with _ _ to enhance effects of both

A

another drug

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26
Q

example of a potentiated penicillin

A

amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (which binds to beta-lactamase to prevent the beta-lactam ring from being destroyed)

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27
Q

What are cephalosporins

A

-semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotics that are structurally related to the penicillins
-have the beta-lactam ring

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28
Q

How can cephalosporins be identified

A

ceph- or cef- prefix in the drug name

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29
Q

Cephalosporins are classified into four generations. as the number of the generation increases, the spectrum of activity broadens (but becomes less ___)

A

effective against gram-positive bacteria

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30
Q

Clinical uses for cephalosporins

A

skin infections, soft tissue infections, bovine mastitis, shipping fever

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31
Q

What group of drug is described?

-Interfere with the production of protein in bacterial cells

-Are specialized group of antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity used for gram-negative bacteria

-Are not absorbed well from GI tract, so are given parenterally

-May be recognized by -micin or -mycin ending in drug name (not only group using these suffixes)

A

Aminoglycosides

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32
Q

Aminoglycosides are _ derived

A

sugar

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33
Q

Side effects of aminoglycosides

A

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

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34
Q

Examples of aminoglycosides

A

-GENTAMICIN
-NEOMYCIN
-AMIKACIN
-tobramycin
-dihydrostreptomycin

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35
Q

Aminoglycosides are inactive against what

A

most fungal organisms, viruses, and anaerobic bacteria

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36
Q

What group of drug is described?

-Interfere with the production of protein in bacterial cells

-Considered to be bacteriostatic

-Group of antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity, including respiratory infections and rickettsial agents

-Can bind to calcium and be deposited in growing bones and teeth, or bind components of antacids and other mineral-containing compounds

-Recognized by cyclone ending in drug name

A

Tetracyclines

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37
Q

Side effects of tetracylines

A

teeth staining in young animals

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38
Q

Examples of tetracylines

A

-tetracyline
-oxytetracycline
-doxycycline
-minocycline
-chlortetracycline

39
Q

What group of drug is described?
-interfere w/ production of protein in bacterial cells

-are broad spectrum antibiotics that have a large molecular structure

-used to tx penicillin-resistant infections or in animals that have allergic reactions to penicillins

A

Macrolides

40
Q

Examples of macrolides

A

-erythromycin
-tylosin
-tilmicosin

41
Q

What drug group is described?
-Interfere w/ production of protein in bacterial cells

-Narrow spectrum, gram-positive antibiotics

-SE: GI problems

A

Lincosamides

42
Q

Examples of lincosamides

A

-clindamycin
-lincomycin
-pirlimycin

43
Q

What drug group is described?
-Are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of folic acid (needed for growth of many bacteria)

-Some are designed to stay in GI tract; some are absorbed by GI tract and penetrate tissues

-SE: crystalluria, KCS, skin rashes

-May be potentiated with trimethoprim or ormetoprim

A

Sulfonamides

44
Q

Clinical uses for sulfonamides

A

UTI, URI, Coccidiosis

45
Q

Examples of sulfonamides

A

-sulfadiazine/trimethoprim
-sulfadimethoxine
-sulfadimethoxine/ormetotprim

46
Q

What drug group is described?
-are antibiotics w/ fluorine bound to the quinolone base, which increases the drug’s potency, spectrum of activity and absorption

-are broad spectrum antibiotics

-can be recognized by -floxacin ending in drug name

A

fluoroquinolones

47
Q

Side effects of fluoroquinolones

A

development of bubble-like cartilage lesions in growing dogs, and crystalluria

48
Q

Examples of fluoroquinolones

A

-ENROFLOXACIN
-CIPROFLOXACIN
-orbifloxacin
-difloxacin
-marbofloxacin
-sarafloxacin

49
Q

What are nitrofurans?

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics that include furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and nitrofurantoin

50
Q

What are nitrofurans used to tx?

A

wounds and urinary tract infections

51
Q

What are nitrimiazoles?

A

Have antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity; work by disrupting DNA and nucleic acid synthesis

52
Q

An example of a nitromiazole is

A

metronidazole, which is considered by some the drug of choice for canine diarrhea

53
Q

What drug group is described?
-Interferes with the production of protein in bacterial cells

-Is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic

-SE: local tissue reaction (possible loss of tissue at slaughter), inappetence, decreased water consumption, and diarrhea

-Used to tx Bovine resp. Disease Complex (nuflor)

A

Florfenicol

54
Q

What is the only drug in the florfenicol category?

A

florfenicol

55
Q

What is rifampin and what does it do?

A

-Is a broad-spectrum; used in conjunction w/ other antibiotics
-Disrupts RNA synthesis

56
Q

What drug group is described?
-Interferes with the production of protein in bacterial cells

-Broad-spectrum antibiotic that penetrates tissues and fluids well (including the eyes and CNS)

-Has toxic side effects (bone marrow depression) that extremely limit use

-Use caution when handling

A

Chloramphenicol

57
Q

What is the only drug in the chloramphenicol category

A

chloramphenicol

58
Q

What does bacitracin do?

A

Disrupts the bacterial cell wall and is effective against gram-positive bacteria

59
Q

How is bacitracin used?

A

topically (skin, MM, eyes) and as a feed additive

60
Q

Vancomycin is effect against many gram-positive bacteria; used for _ infections

A

resistant

61
Q

How does polymyxin B work

A

by attacking the cell membrane of bacteria (remember that animal cells have cell membranes too)

62
Q

How is polymyxin B used

A

as an ointment (eye) or wet dressing; not absorbed when taken orally or applied topically

63
Q

Polymyxin B is a _-spectrum

A

narrow

64
Q

Antifungals are chemicals used to tx diseases caused by

A

fungi (mold or yeast)

65
Q

Some fungal diseases are _ (ringworm); others are _ (blastomycosis)

A

superficial; systemic

66
Q

Categories of antifungal agents

A

-Polyene agents
-Imidazole agents
-Antimetabolic agents
-Superficial agents

67
Q

Polyene antifungals work by

A

binding to the fungal cell membrane

68
Q

Examples of polyene antifungals

A

-Nystatin (used orally for Candida albicans infections)
-Amphotericin B (used IV for systemic mycoses)

69
Q

Cautions for Amphotericin B

A

extremely nephrotoxic, light sensitive, can precipitate out of solution

70
Q

Imadazole antifungals work by

A

causing leakage of the fungal cell membrane

71
Q

Examples of imidazole antifungals

A

-Ketoconazole (for superficial infections)
-Miconazole (for superficial infections)
-Itraconazole (for superficial and systemic infections)
-Fluconazole (for systemic and sometimes superficial infections)

72
Q

Antimetabolic antifungals work by interfering with

A

the metabolism of RNA and proteins

73
Q

Example of an antimetabolic antifungal

A

flucytosine (usually used in combo with other antifungals)

74
Q

Superficial antifungals work by

A

disrupting fungal cell division

75
Q

an example of a superficial anti fungal

A

griseofulvin, an oral medication used to tx dermatophyte infections

76
Q

What is lufenuron used to tx in cats?

A

ringworm

77
Q

_ _ is used topically to tx ringworm

A

Lyme sulfur

78
Q

_ are intracellular invaders that alter the host cell’s metabolic pathways

A

viruses

79
Q

Antiviral drugs act by

A

preventing viral penetration of the host cell or by inhibiting the virus’s production of RNA and DNA

80
Q

Antiviral drugs used in veterinary practices

A

-Acyclovir, used to tx ocular feline herpes virus infections
-interferon, used to tx ocular feline herpes infection and FeLV

81
Q

Asepsis

A

an environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens

82
Q

Sterilization is

A

the removal of destruction of all microbes

83
Q

Disinfection is suing physical or chemical agents to

A

reduce the number of pathogens or inanimate objects

84
Q

Antiseptics kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms on _ objects

A

animate

85
Q

Disinfectants kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms on _ objects

A

inanimate

86
Q

Phenols (lysol) works by destroying the selective permeability of cell membranes. They are effective against what

A

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, some enveloped viruses

87
Q

Quaternary ammonium compounds (Roccal) work by concentration at the cell membrane and dissolving _ in the cell walls and membranes

A

lipids

88
Q

Aldehydes work by affecting protein structure. They are effective against

A

gram-positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, bacterial spores

89
Q

Ethylene oxide us a gas used for _ _

A

chemical sterilization

90
Q

Alcohols work by

A

coagulating proteins and dissolving membrane lipids

91
Q

Alcohols are effective against

A

gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses

92
Q

Chlorine kills

A

bacteria, fungi, viruses, and spores

93
Q

Iodine kills

A

most classes of microbes if used at proper concentration and exposure times

94
Q

hydrogen peroxide damages proteins and is used to kill _ bacteria; can cause tissue damage so use is limited

A

anaerobic

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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