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Pharmacology > Ch. 7 Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of the cardiovascular system

A

delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the various parts of the body

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system also transports _ products to the appropriate waste removal system

A

waste

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3
Q

3 major types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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4
Q

Capillaries are single-cell-thick vessels that connect the _ and _ systems

A

arterial and venous

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5
Q

The electrical impulses of the heartbeat originate in the _ _

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

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6
Q

Heart rate is controlled primarily by the _ nervous system

A

autonomic

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7
Q

Systole is contraction of

A

heart chambers

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8
Q

diastole is relaxation of heart chamber while they

A

fill with blood

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9
Q

normal heart beat is called

A

normal sinus rhythm

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10
Q

Cardiac output =

A

SV x HR

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11
Q

Stroke volume is the amount of blood

A

pumped out of the heart (left ventricle to the body) during each contraction measured in mL/beat

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12
Q

Preload is the amount of blood that fills the _ during diastole

A

ventricles (volume of blood entering the right side of the heart)

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13
Q

Afterload is

A

the arterial resistance that the ventricle must pump against (force needed to push blood out of the ventricles)

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14
Q

SV is determined by

A

preload and after load

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15
Q

Blood pressure is determined by

A

heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance

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16
Q

Compensatory mechanisms

A

-increase hr (increases CO)
-increase stroke volume
-increase efficiency
-enlarge itself (compensatory hypertrophy)

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17
Q

CVS diseases fall into what 4 basic categories

A

-valvular dz
-myocardial dz
-arrhythmias
-other (congenital, infectious)

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18
Q

Congestive heart failure is a syndrome that can occur with any disorder that

A

damages or overworks the heart muscle

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19
Q

Conditions that lead to CHF

A

-cardiomyopathy
-hypertension
-valvular disease

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20
Q

Arrhythmias interfere with the work of the heart and can disrupt

A

cardiac output

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21
Q

Arrhythmias can be caused by changes in the

A

rate, stimulation from an ectopic focus, or by alterations in conduction of the muscle

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22
Q

Alterations in blood pressure may result in _ or _

A

hypertension and hypotension

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23
Q

Hypertension results in prolonged force put on the vessels of the vascular system and leads to

A

left ventricle thickening

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24
Q

Hypotension results in the tissues of the body not receiving sufficient amount of oxygenated blood which allows

A

wasted products to accumulate and cells to die from lack of oxygen

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25
Q

Stages of cardiac disease and symptoms

A

I: none/mumur
II:cough
III: cough, exercise intolerance
IV: dyspnea at rest

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26
Q

Positive inotropes increase the force of

A

myocardial contraction
(Ex: digitalis glycosides and catecholamines
digitalis glycosides= narrow TI)

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27
Q

Positive inotropes improve the _ of contraction (by increasing Ca++), _ the rate of contraction (increases PNS)

A

strength; rate

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28
Q

Uses for positive inotropes

A

atrial fibrillation, CHF, supra ventricular tachycardia

29
Q

Cautions with all positive inotropes

A

-increases oxygen demand of the cardiac muscle
-this may lead to arrhythmias by damaging the contractile apparatus
-use is controversial

30
Q

Cardiac glycosides increase the strength of _ _ , decrease _ _ , have anti arrhythmic effect, and decrease signs of dyspnea

A

cardiac contractions; heart rate

31
Q

Side effects of cardiac glycosides

A

anorexia, V+ ,D+, and cardiac arrhythmias

32
Q

Examples of cardiac glycosides

A

digoxin and digitoxin

33
Q

Catecholamines (sympathomimetic): increase the _ and _ of myocardial contraction, constrict peripheral blood vessels, and increase blood glucose levels

A

force and rate

34
Q

Examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, isoproterenol

35
Q

Catecholamines have short - which make them most suited for - use

A

half-lives; short term

36
Q

Common catecholamines and their uses

A

Epi- cardiac resuscitation

Dobutamine- hypotension under anesthesia

Isoproterenol- atropine resistant bradycardia

Dopamine- hypotension under anesthesia (also increases renal perfusion by dilating renal vascular beds), shock

37
Q

Dopamine and Dobutamine must be _ before use and are given as a CRI

A

diluted

38
Q

Bipyridine Derivatives increase the force of contraction by

A

inhibiting enzymes that lead to Ca++ influx into the cell (ex: amrinone, milrinone)

39
Q

Inotropic, _ dilator

A

mixed

40
Q

Pimobenden (vermedin) uses

A

AV valve insufficiency, DCM, CHF

41
Q

Side effects of pimobendan

A

anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea

42
Q

Contraindications of pimobendan

A

HCM, Aortic stenosis

43
Q

Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to correct variation in the

A

normal beating of the heart (which can lead to reduced cardiac output)

44
Q

Types of anti arrhythmic drugs include

A

local anesthetics, membrane stabilizers, beta-adrenergic blockers, action potential prolongation drugs, and calcium-channel blockers

45
Q

_ are used to correct constriction. They dilate arteries and/or veins which alleviates vessel contraction and improves cardiac output

A

vasodilators

46
Q

Examples of vasodilators

A

-Hydralazine, Nitroglycerin, Prazosin
-ACE inhibitors (EnalaPRIL, BenazePRIL)

47
Q

Diuretics are drugs that increase the volume of

A

urine excreted by the kidneys and thus promote the release of water from the tissues (lowers fluid vol. in tissue)

48
Q

Diuretics are used in the tx of _

A

hypertension

49
Q

Examples of diuretics

A

Furosemide, Sprionolactone, Thiazide

50
Q

Dietary management of CVS is best begun _ to onset of CS

A

prior

51
Q

Goal of dietary management of CVS disease

A

sodium restriction and maintain ideal BCS

52
Q

Ancillary tx is aimed at alleviating

A

clinical signs

53
Q

Ancillary tx types

A

-brochdilators
-oxygen therapy
-sedation
-aspirin
-thoracocentesis or abdominocentesis

54
Q

Anticoagulant drugs inhibit clot formation by

A

inactivating one or more clotting factors

55
Q

Examples of anticoagulants

A

heparin, EDTA, coumarin derivatives, aspirin, and blood transfusion anticoagulants

56
Q

Clopidogrel bisulfate is an oral _ _ _

A

platelet aggregation inhibitor

57
Q

Clopidogrel bisulfate in cats

A

may prevent thrombi, improves circulation following an embolic event

58
Q

Hemostatic drugs help promote

A

clotting of blood

59
Q

Left sided heart failure causes

A

pulmonary edema

60
Q

Right sided heart failure causes

A

ascites

61
Q

Parenteral hemostatic drugs

A

Vitamin K, Protamine sulfate

62
Q

Topical hemostatic drugs

A

silver nitrate, hemostat powder, gel foam gelatin sponges, thrombogen topical thrombin solution

63
Q

Blood enhancing drugs affect

A

production or quality of RBCs

64
Q

Examples of blood enhancing drugs

A

iron , erythropoietin

65
Q

Erythropoietin is a protein made by the kidneys that stimulates the

A

differentiation of bone marrow stem cells to form red blood cells

66
Q

Erythropoietin is used to treat _ in animals with chronic renal failure

A

anemia

67
Q

Cautions for erythropoietin

A

allergic reactions sometimes seen , products must be refrigerated

68
Q

Cyanocobalamine is B12 and is used to tx _ _. Oral forms are not appropriate for small animals

A

B12 deficiencies

69
Q

Folic acid is a B vitamin needed for normal _

A

erythropoiesis

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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