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Pharmacology > Chapter 4: Drugs used in Nervous System Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Drugs used in Nervous System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

_ _ is the body’s primary communication and control center

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Nervous system serves three functions

A

-Sensory
-Integrative (analysis)
-Motor (action)

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3
Q

Nervous system is very close with what other system

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

2 main divisions of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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5
Q

CNS

A

-brain and spinal cord
-control center of the entire nervous system

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6
Q

PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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7
Q

Fundamental unit of all branches and divisions of the nervous system is the

A

neuron (nerve cell)

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8
Q

Neurons communicate with each other at the synaptic end-bulbs by releasing chemical messengers called

A

neurotransmitters

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9
Q

The most basic impulse conduction system through the nervous system is the

A

Reflex arc

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10
Q

What does a sensory neuron do

A

carry impulse from receptor to CNS

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11
Q

what does a motor neuron do

A

carries impulse to an effector organ (spinal reflex= if the impulse does not travel to brain)

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system that control unconscious body activity

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13
Q

Two neurons carry impulses to target structures

A

-axon of first neuron leaves the CNS and travels to ganglion
-second neuron travels to target structure

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14
Q

Effector organs

A

Heart
Bronchial smooth muscle
Blood vessels
GI tract
Urinary system
Eyes
Glands (sweat, pancreas, salivary)

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15
Q

Normally, target sites of ANS have both _ and _ innervation

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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16
Q

Sympathetic (__): fight or flight

A

adrenergic

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17
Q

Parasympathetic (__): homeostatic

A

Cholinergic

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18
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic ns

A

increases heart rate, RR, and blood flow to muscles; decrease GI function, causes pupillary dilation

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter for sympathetic system

A

preganglionic synapse: ACh
postganglionic synapse: epi or norepi

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter for parasympathetic ns

A

pre and postganglionic synapse: ACh

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21
Q

Parasympathetic stimualtion

A

Brings heart rate, RR, and blood flow to muscles back to normal levels; returns GI function to normal; constricts pupils to normal size

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22
Q

Adrenergic drugs and what do they mimic

A

epi or norepi; sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Drugs that mimic parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters can be _ or _ by use of the appropriate drugs

A

mimicked or blocked

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25
Q

Parasympathetic NS drugs

A

Cholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic

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26
Q

Sympathetic NS drugs

A

Adrenergic Drugs
Adrenergic Blocking drugs

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27
Q

Clinical uses of cholinergic drugs

A

-aid in dx of myasthenia gravis
-decrease IOP
-Stimulate GI activity
-Tx urinary retention
-Tx nausea
-Antidote neuromuscular blockers

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28
Q

Cholinergic drug used tx bladder atony

A

Bethanechol

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29
Q

Cholinergic drug that reduces IOP

A

pilocarpine

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30
Q

Cholinergic drug used to control vomiting and promote gastric emptying

A

metoclopramide

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31
Q

When is metoclopramide contraindicated

A

obstruction/ perforation

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32
Q

Adverse effects of cholinergic drugs

A

bradycardia, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions

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33
Q

What do anticholinergic drugs do

A

inhibit the actions of acetylcholine by occupying the acetylcholine receptors

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34
Q

Clinical uses for anticholinergic drugs

A

-prevent bradycardia before anesthesia
-dilate pupils for ocular exam
-organophosphate toxicity

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35
Q

Examples of most common anticholinergic drugs

A

atropine, glycopyrrolate

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36
Q

Adrenergic drugs work at receptor sites mediated by _ or _

A

epinephrine or norepinephrine

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37
Q

First drug of defense for sinus bradycardia

A

atropine

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38
Q

Adrenergic drugs may be classified as catecholamines or according to the specific receptor types activated:

A

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2

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39
Q

Alpha-1 target organs and response

A

Arterioles, Urethra, Eye; Constriction, increased tone, dilation pupil

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40
Q

Alpha-2 target organs and response

A

skeletal muscle; constriction

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41
Q

Beta-1 target organ and response

A

Heart; increased rate, conduction, contractility

42
Q

Beta-2 target organs and response

A

kidneys, skeletal blood vessels, bronchioles; renin release, dilation

43
Q

What adrenergic drug is used to treat urinary incontinence

A

phenylpropanolamine

44
Q

Clinical uses for adrenergic drugs

A

-stimulate HR in cardiac arrest
-reverse brochoconstriction in anaphylaxis
-correct hypotension
-treat urinary incontinence

45
Q

Side effects of adrenergic drugs

A

tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias

46
Q

Examples of adrenergic drugs

A

epi, norepi, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylpropanolamine, albuterol

47
Q

how to recognize a beta blocker

A

ends in “lol”

48
Q

Clincial uses for alpha 1 blockers

A

vasodilation, urethral spasms

49
Q

Clinical uses for alpha 2

A

reversal agents (ex: yohimbine reverses xylazine: atipamzole reverses dexmedetomidine)

50
Q

Clinical use for beta blockers

A

tx glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, HCM in cats

51
Q

uses of CNS drugs

A

calming, seizure and pain control, anesthesia, restraint, behaviors, reversals, stimulate CNS, euthanasia agents

52
Q

Classes of tranquilizers and sedatives

A

-Phenothiazines (acepromazine)
-Benzodiazepines (diazepam)
-Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists (anesthesia drugs)
-Alpha2 antagonists- (reverse alpha 2 agonists)

53
Q

Tranquilizer- what does it do

A

reduces anxiety

54
Q

What do sedatives do

A

reduces mental activity and causes sleepiness

55
Q

Phenothiazine derivatives

A

-believed to block dopamine (and alpha1 which causes CVS effects)
-causes sedation, relives fear and anxiety
-DOESN’T PRODUCE ANALGESIA
-side effects: LOWER SEIZURE THRESHOLD, hypotension, protrusion of 3rd eyelid, paraphimosis
EX: ACEPROMAZINE

56
Q

Uses for benzodiazepines

A

anti-anxiety, produce muscle relaxation, reduce anxiousness, anticonvulsants, stimulate appetite (in cats)

57
Q

Diazepam cannot be injected into a _

A

muscle (bc it is not water soluble)

58
Q

All Benzodiazepines end in

A

(-am)

59
Q

Midazolam is _ _ and absorbed well after IM injection

A

water soluble

60
Q

Alpha 2 agonists causes

A

some analgesia, some muscle relaxation, decreased response to stimuli

61
Q

Alpha 2’s can cause severe

A

bradycardia

62
Q

Alpha 2 agonists

A

Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine, Dexmedetomidine

63
Q

Yohimbine reverses

A

cardiovascular and sedative effects of xylazine

64
Q

Atipamezole is a specific antagonist for

A

dexmedetomidine (dexdomator)

65
Q

Analgesics are drugs that

A

relieve pain

66
Q

Analgesics are categorized as

A

non-narcotic or narcotic

67
Q

Narcotic analgesics are used for

A

moderate to severe pain

68
Q

1 side effect of opioid overdose

A

respiratory depression

69
Q

Opioids produce _ and _ and relieve anxiety

A

analgesia, sedation

70
Q

used alone, Opioids DO NOT produce

A

general anesthesia

71
Q

Opioid receptors

A

Mu- found in the pain regulating areas in brain
Kappa-found in cerebral cortex and spinal cord
Sigma- found in the brain
Delta-contribute to analgesia

72
Q

Common agonist opioids (for severe pain control)

A

morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl

73
Q

Common partial agonist opioid (moderate pain control)

A

buprenorphine

74
Q

Common agonist-antagonist opioids (mild to moderate pain)

A

butorphanol

75
Q

common antagonist for opioids

A

naloxone

76
Q

Opioids to know

A

-morphine
-butorphanol
-buprenorphine
-hydromorphone
-fentanyl
-tramadol

77
Q

Neuroleptanalgesics

A

a profound state of sedation and analgesia induced by simultaneous administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer

78
Q

Anticonvulsants are drugs used to control

A

seizures

79
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

-Benzodiazepines (diazepam and midazolam (short term))
-Phenobarbital (long term)
-Bromide
-Gabapentin (added for refractory seizures)
-Zonisamide

80
Q

Phenobarbital used for ___ and animal well have/need

A

control of epilepsy; PU/PD, sedation, therapeutic drug monitoring, liver monitoring

81
Q

Potassium bromide used as an ____ . long half life, given as loading dose

A

adjunct for refractory seizures,

82
Q

General anesthetics affect the CNS, produce loss of

A

sensation with partial or complete loss of consciousness

83
Q

Local anesthetics block

A

nerve transmission in the area of application with no loss of consciousness

84
Q

Local anesthetics end in

A

“caine”

85
Q

Barbiturates used mainly as _____; side effects include:

A

anticonvulsants and euthanasia solutions ; potent cardiovascular and respiratory depressions

86
Q

Barbiturates examples

A

phenobarbital, pentobarbital

87
Q

Dissociatives belong to the __ family

A

cyclohexamine

88
Q

Dissociative anesthetics

A

Ketamine and Tiletamine

89
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant used in combination with an anesthetic drug to induce general anesthesia in horses (used alone it is not an anesthetic)

A

Guaifenesin

90
Q

General anesthetic- ultra-short acting, nonbarbiturate anesthetic that produces rapid and smooth induction when given IV (last 2-5 minutes) side effects include cardiac arrhythmias and apnea

A

propofol

91
Q

Inhalant general anesthetics are used to produce _ _

A

general anesthesia

92
Q

Inhalant general anesthetic- noninflammatory, causes rapid induction of anesthesia and short recoveries following procedures, side effects include respiratory depression and malignant hyperthermia

A

Isoflurane

93
Q

Inhalant general anesthetics- non-inflammable, main isomer of isoflurane, rapid induction and recoveries, produces fewer cardiovascular effects, low tissue solubility making it rapidly eliminated

A

Sevoflurane

94
Q

CNS stimulants reverse

A

CNS depression caused by CNS depressants

95
Q

CNS stimulant that stimulates brainstem to increase respiration in animals with apnea or bradypnea; commonly used when animals have C-sections

A

Doxapram

96
Q

All drugs used in psychotherapy are thought to produce their effect through

A

alteration of NT activity in brain

97
Q

Drugs used in Behavioral Pharmacology

A

-Acetylcholine
-Dopamine
-NE
-Serotonin
-GABA

98
Q

Monoamine Oxidase-B inhibitors increase _ levels

A

dopamine

99
Q

Tricyclics prevent reuptake of _ and _

A

NE and serotonin

100
Q

Euthanasia solutions usually contain _

A

pentobarbital

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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