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Pharmacology > Ch. 9 Hormone, Repro, Endocrine Drugs > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Hormone, Repro, Endocrine Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Feedback loops may be _ or _

A

negative or positive

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2
Q

Negative feedback loops are more common and work in response to:

A

low or high levels of hormone in the body

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3
Q

Positive feedback loops occur when hormone levels continue to _ in response to stimuli

A

rise

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4
Q

Two types of _ _ are involved in regulating the endocrine system

A

feedback loops

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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7
Q

TSH is used in the dx of primary _

A

hypothyroidism

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8
Q

ACTH is used to stimulate the _ _ to secrete corticosteroids in the dx of adrenal cortex disease

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

_ is used to increase growth rate and feed use efficiency in livestock and increase milk production in dairy cows

A

GH (growth hormone)

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10
Q

_ is used to tx diabetes insipidus (disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine due to insufficient amounts of _)

A

ADH

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11
Q

_ is used to aid in uterine contraction and induce labor in animals at term, expel the placenta, induce milk letdown, and as an adjunct therapy for animals with open pyometra

A

Oxytocin

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12
Q

Pancreas secretes what 2 hormones?

A

Insulin, glucagon

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13
Q

Insulin responds to a rise in _ _ and promotes the uptake and use of glucose for energy in cells (decrease BG)

A

blood glucose

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14
Q

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting:

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose (increase BG)

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15
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of

A

fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism caused by lack of insulin

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of diabetes mellitus

A

PU,PD,PP, weight loss

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17
Q

What is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus, +/- ketone

A

persistent fasting hyperglycemia

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18
Q

How is insulin used to tx diabetes mellitus

A

by keeping BG in proper range

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19
Q

Insulin is not absorbed _ so must be given _

A

PO; parenterally

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20
Q

Sources of insulin:

A

pork/beef pancreas, synthetic and recombinant forms

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21
Q

Pork similar to insulin structure in _

A

cats

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22
Q

Beef similar to insulin structure in /

A

humans and dogs

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23
Q

Onset and duration of insulin action are controlled by

A

modifying the regular insulin structure

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24
Q

The only two animal-labeled insulin products available in the us

A

ProZinc and Vetsulin

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25
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

condition that occurs when diabetic animals are uncontrolled for long periods of time and their body begins to breakdown its own tissues

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26
Q

Short-acting insulin is used for initial tx of _ _ and keep blood glucose stable (ex: Humulin-R, Novolin R)

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

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27
Q

insulin administration must be paired with what?

A

food

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28
Q

Intermediate-acting insulin (ex:Humulin N, Novolin-N, Vetsulin) is used to control blood glucose in

A

uncomplicated cases of diabetes mellitus

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29
Q

Long-acting insulin is used to control blood glucose for longer periods of time, especially in cats. What are some examples of this type of insulin?

A

Glargine, Detimir, ProZinc

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30
Q

Insulin is measured in _____ (available in U-40 and U-100 and U-500)

A

units of insulin per mL (40units/ml, 100U/ml, 500U/ml)

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31
Q

Animal approved insulin products are U-_

A

40 (vetsulin and prozinc)

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32
Q

U-40 syringes are _ top and each mark is 1 unit

A

red

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33
Q

U-100 are _ top and may be marked in 1 or 2 unit increments

A

orange

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34
Q

1ml syringe = _ units

A

100

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35
Q

0.5ml syringe= _units

A

50

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36
Q

0.3ml syringe= _ units

A

30

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37
Q

1 unit = _ml

A

0.01

38
Q

U-100 insulin is _ times stronger than U-40 insulin

A

2.5

39
Q

oral hypoglycemic agents have been more successful in cats w/ Type _ DM

A

2

40
Q

Oral hypoglycemic agents work by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin; therefore some _ _ is needed

A

pancreatic function

41
Q

An example of an oral hypoglycemic agent is

A

glipizide

42
Q

What drugs may be used in patients dx with insulinoma (dogs or ferrets)

A

hyperglycemic agents (corticosteroids and diazoxide (proglycem) )

43
Q

Functions of thyroid gland

A

metabolism, regulation of body temp and HR, resistance to infections, skin health

44
Q

Abnormalities in thyroid gland

A

hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism , Goiter (less common) and due to dietary iodine deficiency

45
Q

Signs of hypothyroidism

A

decreased coat and hair luster, weight gain, listlessness, intolerance to cold, and reproductive failure

46
Q

Hypothyroidism is diagnosed by measuring serum total _ and _ or by a thyroid stimulation test or by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test

A

T4 and T3 (low T3/T4, high TSH)

47
Q

Hypothyroid animals are treated with thyroid replacement therapy. What is an example?

A

Levothyroxine (T4) (Therapeutic drug monitoring needed, typically 4-6 hours post pill)

48
Q

Signs of hyperthyroidism

A

increased thirst, weight loss, increased stool production, restlessness and tachycardia, palpable thyroid

49
Q

Hyperthyroid animals are treated with

A

antithyroid drugs or surgical removal

50
Q

Antithyroid drug examples

A

-Radioactive isotopes of iodine (I-131) destroy the thyroid gland
-Rx food (y/d)
-Methimazole interferes with the incorporation of iodine in the molecules of T4 and T3

51
Q

Iodide is trapped from the blood, oxidized to iodine and used to secrete

A

T3 and T4

52
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include:

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

53
Q

Glucocorticoids regulate _ _ in the blood (increase blood glucose level)
-VIP in flight or fight response (stress hormone)

A

nutrient levels

54
Q

Mineralcorticoids:

A

sodium, potassium, water balance, BP regulation

55
Q

Adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease) is a progressive condition associated with

A

adrenal atrophy

56
Q

Signs of Addison’s disease

A

lethargy, weakness, low BP, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, low Na+, elevated K+, low BG, azotemia

57
Q

Addison’s disease is dx by

A

ACTH stimulation test

58
Q

Tx of Addison’s disease tx involves long-acting mineralocorticoid and corticosteroids such as:

A

-Corticosteriods-Dexamethasone
-Fludrocortisone (Florinef): both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity
-Desoxycorticosterone (DOCP) (Percorten-V): mineralocorticoid

59
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease) is characterized by excessive glucocorticoid production due to:

A

prolonged admin. of adrenocortical hormones, adrenocortical tumors, or pituitary disorders

60
Q

Signs of Cushing’s disease

A

PU/PD/PP, hair loss, pendulous abdomen

61
Q

Dx of Cushing’s disease

A

ACTH stimulation test or low-dose dexamethasone suppression test

62
Q

Tx of Cushing’s disease involves destroying part of the _ _. Ex: Trilostane (vetoryl)

A

adrenal cortex

63
Q

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is called the _ _ and secretes _ . Prepares uterus for pregnancy

A

Corpus luteum; progesterone

64
Q

LH causes

A

maturation of the follicle and ovulation

65
Q

Gonadotropins are hormones that stimulate the _

A

gonads

66
Q

Gonadotropin drugs cause the release of _ and _ or stimulate their activity

A

LH and FSH

67
Q

Gonadotropins used in vet med include:

A

LH, FSH, GnRH

68
Q

Gonadotropin used to tx cystic ovaries in cattle, to detect cryptorchidism in dogs, to get infertile bitches to cycle, and to make breeding mares ovulate

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

69
Q

gonadotropin used to produce estrus and ovulation in horses and as a follicle stimulant in many species

A

Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)

70
Q

gonadotropin used to tx follicular cysts in cattle, for estrus synchronization in cattle and to induce estrus in small animals

A

Gonadorelin (GnRH)

71
Q

Adrogens are _ hormones

A

male

72
Q

Testosterone is made in the _ _ of the testes and is used to tx conditions such as infertility and hypogonadism, and for testosterone-responsive urinary incontinence

A

interstitial cells

73
Q

What controlled class is testosterone

A

Class III

74
Q

Examples of progesterone drugs

A

-MeGEStrol acetate
-MedroxyproGESterone acetate
-AltrenoGESt
-ProGESterone
-MelenGEStrol

75
Q

What progestin is described?
-Control estrus, false pregnancy, dermatologic conditions in cats
-Ovaban, Megace
-SE: endometrial hyperplasia, adrenal depression

A

Megestrol Acetate

76
Q

Which progestin is described?
-Suppress estrus in dogs and cats; dermatologic and behavioral modification
-Numerous side effects: pyometra, mammary changes
-Depo-provera

A

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

77
Q

What drug is described
-suppress estrus in mares for synchronization, supplement progesterone for maintain of pregnancy
-Regu-Mate
-can be absorbed through skin

A

Altrenogest

78
Q

What drug is described
-synchronization of estrus in cattle, used in combo w/ an estrogen
-Tx consists of an implant + injection
-Synchro-Mate-B

A

Norgestomet

79
Q

-Estradiol cypionate
-Diethylstilbestrol
-Estriol (Icurin) urinary incontinence in spayed dogs

Are all examples of _ drugs

A

estrogen

80
Q

In small animals, _ are used to treat pyometra, cause abortion, and induce parturition

A

prostaglandins

81
Q

In cattle, prostaglandins are used for

A

estrus synchronization and inducing uterine contractions to facilitate emptying of the uterus (pus or fetus)

82
Q

What are prostaglandins used for in horses

A

estrus synchronization

83
Q

Examples of prostaglandins

A

-DinoPROST tromethamine (Lutalyse)
-FluPROSTenol
-CloPROSTenol sodium

84
Q

All growth promotants for use in cattle and sheep are prepared as compressed pellets that are implanted in to where

A

the SQ tissue of the ear

85
Q

Sex steroids/ synthetic steroid analalogues/ Nonsteriodal analogues

A

-Estradiol
-Testosterone (in combo w/ estradiol to slow release rate of estradiol)
-Progesterone (used in combo w/ estradiol
-Trenbolone (synthetic)
-Zeranol (plant estrogen)

86
Q

Promote weight gain in ruminants by administering _ _ hormones

A

sex steroid

87
Q

Growth Hormone-Bovine Somatotropin, BGH is shown to increase

A

growth rate, feed efficiency, milk production by 20%

88
Q

Anabolic steroids have _ _ effect

A

tissue building

89
Q

Anabolic steroids are synthetic designed to prevent _ effects (unlike natural testosterone)

A

masculinizing

90
Q

Anabolic steroids are class _ controlled substance

A

III

91
Q

Example of anabolic steroid

A

stanozolol (Winstrol V)

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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