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Pharmacology > Ch.15 Fluid therapy > Flashcards

Ch.15 Fluid therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Water is - of total body weight of an animal

A

50-70%

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2
Q

Water is _% of total body weight in a neonate

A

80

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3
Q

An increase in _ _ decreases total body water

A

body fat

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4
Q

Body water is distributed among 3 types of compartments:

A

intracellular, intravascular, and interstitial

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5
Q

_% is intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

60

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6
Q

_% is extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

40%

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7
Q

Intravascular fluid volume estimates

A

90ml/kg dog
45ml/kg cat

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8
Q

Body fluid compartments should be thought of as fluid + electrolytes in a _ _

A

dynamic equilibrium

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9
Q

Most fluid loss in the animal is from the _ first

A

ECF

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10
Q

_ are substances that split into ions when placed in water

A

Electrolytes

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11
Q

In a healthy animal the number of cations always _ the number of anions

A

equals

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12
Q

Primary ions in the body

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate

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13
Q

Therapeutic fluids are said to be balanced when they resemble ECF in _ and unbalanced when they do not

A

concentration

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14
Q

Balanced fluids

A

lactated ringers

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15
Q

Unbalanced fluids

A

sodium chloride (NaCl)

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16
Q

Solutes that cannot cross cell membrane will attract water to them which is called _

A

osmosis

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17
Q

Ability to attract water

A

osmotic pressure aka tonicity

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18
Q

Dog/cat serum osmolality:

A

300mOsm/L

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19
Q

An isotonic solution has _ _ osmotic pressure as blood and extracellular water

A

the same

20
Q

A hypotonic solution has osmolality _ than that of blood; RBCs can swell

A

lower

21
Q

A hypertonic solution has osmolality _ than that of blood: RBCs can shrink

A

higher

22
Q

fluid overload is a condition in which the administration of fluid occurs at

A

a greater rate than the rate at which the body can use or eliminate the fluid

23
Q

Signs of fluid overload

A

nasal discharge, respiratory changes, fluid deposition in SQ space, weight gain

24
Q

Crystalloids can be

A

isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic

25
Q

Colloids can be

A

starch based
natural

26
Q

Examples of isotonic fluids

A

0.9% sodium chloride
LRS
Normosol
Plasmalyte

27
Q

Clinical uses of isotonic

A

shock, v/d, pancreatitis, dehydration

28
Q

Hypotonic fluid examples

A

5% dextrose in water (D5W)
1/4 NS (.25% normal saline)
1/2 NS (0.45% normal saline)

29
Q

Clinical used for hypotonic fluids

A

hypernatremia

30
Q

Examples of hypertonic fluids

A

.9% normal saline w/ 5% dextrose
3%,4%,5%,7%,7.5%,and 23.4% NaCl
10% dextrose in water

31
Q

Clinical uses of hypertonic fluids

A

shocks esp. due to acute blood loss, intracranial edema

32
Q

Natural colloids

A

plasma, albumin, whole blood

33
Q

Synthetic colloids

A

-Dextrans (expands plasma vol. 4-8hr)

-Hydroxyethyl starch (Hetastarch) (expands plasma volume 12-36hr

-Oxyglobin (increases O2 carrying capacity for 40 hrs)

34
Q

Clinical uses for colloids

A

Bleeding disorders
Hypovolemia
Septic shock
Hypoalbuminemia
P prone to edema

35
Q

What is important to remember when administering additives

A

withdraw and discard an amount of fluid equal to amount of additive being supplemented

36
Q

Types of additives

A

50% dextrose
Potassium chloride
Sodium bicarbonate
Calcium
Vitamins

37
Q

What drug is used to tx metabolic acidosis

A

Sodium bicarbonate

38
Q

Calcium supplements used to tx hypocalcemia

A

calcium glutinate or calcium chloride

39
Q

How must calcium supplements be administered

A

slowly

40
Q

What additive is used to tx insulinoma, hypoglycemia, sepsis, insulin overdosage

A

50% dextrose

41
Q

Animals require fluids for what

A

rehydration, maintenance, ongoing fluid loss

42
Q

Maintenance fluid formula for adults

A

kg x 50ml/kg/day = ml/day

43
Q

maintenance formula for young animals

A

kg x 100ml/kg/day = ml/day

44
Q

Replacement fluid formula

A

%dehydration x kg x 1000ml/l

45
Q

Ongoing fluid loss is an estimation based on

A

additional fluid loss due to v/d

46
Q

Rate of fluid replacement _ the severity of dehydration

A

parallels

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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