Chapter 2: Routes and Techniques of Drug Admin. Flashcards
All drugs should be considered potential _ and give with great care
poisons
Appropriate administration of a drug includes
amount, route, frequency
Any orders that are not complete, unclear, or that give a dosage outside the recommended range should be _
questioned
All verbal drug orders should be _ as soon as possible
documented
6 rights of drug administration
-right drug
-right dose
-right time
-right route
-right patient
-right documentation
The label on the container should be read _ times
3
Never give medications from a container that is not
labeled
Before calculating a drug dose, an _ of the answer based on prior knowledge should be known
estimate
When in doubt, have the dose _____
recalculated by another vet tech
Why are daily drug doses given at specific times
to keep plasma levels at the proper level to cause the desired effect
Appropriate information required to be recorded after administering a drug
-The drug
-Dosage administered
-Time and date administered
-The route and site
-Patient’s response
-The vet’s signature or initials
_ is the primary method used to communicate drug administration between professionals
Documentation
T/F: it should be documented if an owner refuses drug treatment for his/her animal including the reason for refusal
true
The therapeutic range of a drug is the drug concentration in the body that produces ______
the desired effect in the animal with minimal or no signs of toxicity
3 major drug factors that keep drugs in their therapeutic range
-route of admin.
-drug dosage
-dosage interval
What are parenteral drugs
drugs given by a route other than the GI tract
Nonparental drugs are given through the _ _
GI tract
Water-insoluble drugs can be given _ but not _
IM; IV
some drugs are destroyed by _ _ and cannot be given orally
stomach acid
Are injectable routes parenteral or nonparenteral
parenteral
Drugs given by injectable administration routes may be _ solutions or _
aqueous; emulsions (mixtures of two immiscible liquids)
Drugs given IV have rapid onset of action, high _ _ _ _ _, and shorter duration of activity
initial body levels of drug
IV injection techniques includes:
bolus administration, intermittent therapy, and infusion of fluid
In most cases, IV drug should be given _
slowly
All _ _ must removed from the drug before administration to avoid causing air emboli and tissue damage
air bubbles
Repository or depot preparations
IM-injectable drugs may be in a substance that delays absorption
IM drugs can be in _ solutions or _
aqueous; suspensions
Solutions are
clear liquids that contain or more solvents and one or more solutes
Suspensions are
liquid preparations that contain solid drug particles suspended in a suitable medium
_ can also be implanted into the SQ space
pellets
The rate of absorption of SQ fluid can be manipulated by _
temperature
Applying heat to SQ area _ the rate of absorption
increases
Applying cold to the SQ area _ the rate of absorption
decreases
Intramammary injections typically have fast and even _ and a low degree of _ _ _ _
distribution; binding to udder tissue
With inhalation administration, particles diffuse across the _ _
alveolar membrane
Transdermal drugs are delivered through
a patch on the skin
One side effect of transdermal drug admin.
skin irritation
Only drugs needed in relatively _ _ _ can be given through patches
small daily doses
Before entering the bloodstream, an oral drug must be released from the _ _, transported across the GI tract, and passed through the liver
dose form
Oral drugs may be
tablets, capsules, boluses, powders, solutions, suspensions, or emulsions
An emulsion is a mixture of
two or more liquid that are normally immiscible. 2-phase systems consist of liquid drug substances: oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) and water-in-oil emulsion (W/O)
Emulsions can be administered
topically, orally, IM
Elixir are clean, sweetened hydro-alcoholic solution. These are intended for
oral use and are usually flavored to enhance palatability
Suspension is a _ mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.
heterogenous
Suspensions may be used for _ and _ admin.
oral and topical
Loading dose
initial dose of drug given to get the drug concentration up to the therapeutic range in a very short period of time
Maintenance dose
dose of drug that maintains or keeps the drug in the therapeutic range
Total daily dose
total amount of drug delivered in 24 hours
Dosage interval
how frequently the dosage is given (ex: BID or TID)
Dosage regimen
dosage interval and the dosage together (ex: 30mg/kg TID and 5g/lb BID)
What is included in the drug regimen
-route of admin
-dosage
-frequency
-duration
Drug toxicity may be due to _ error and/or _
human; accident
Drug toxicity may be related to _ _ of the drug
side effects
Examples of drug toxicities
-outright overdose
-relative overdose
-side effects
-accidental exposure
-interaction with other drugs
-incorrect tx
some ways to treat drug toxicities
-removal of the offending drug
-enhancing drug removal by the animal
-counteracting with an antidote
-providing symptomatic care or nursing care until the signs have diminished
