Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

this is the place where the primary bronchus and pulmonary artery and vein enter into the lungs

Answer 1

the hilum

Question 2

this pleura surrounds the lung

Answer 2

visceral pleura

Question 3

the ____________ layer attaches to the thoracic cavity

Answer 3

parietal

Question 4

What is the role of the lungs ?

Answer 4

remove CO2 from the body (waste product from metabolism)
replenish the body with fresh O2
the heart and lungs work together to make this happen

Question 5

The alveolar sacs contains _______________ that supply the pulmonary artery (which takes _____________ blood to the lungs to receive oxygen) and pulmonary vein (which takes ____________ blood back to the heart to replenish the body). These capillaries have a thin membrane that allows the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Oxygen is inhaled and crosses over the membrane and attachs to the ________….while carbon dioxide (a waste product from metabolism) transports from the exhausted cell into the respiratory system to be exhaled.

Answer 5

capillaries; unoxygenated; oxygenated; red blood cells

Question 6

the most fundamental defense mechanism of the lungs

Answer 6

coughing

Question 7

what is the epiglottis?

Answer 7

This leaf shaped elastic flap structure is located at the top of the larynx and prevents food from entering the tracheobronchial tree by closing over the glottis during swallowing

Question 8

the ____________ is located in front of the esophagus

Answer 8

trachea

Question 9

What structures are the bronchi lined with which help expel mucus up and away from the lower airway to the trachea, where it can be expectorated or swallowed

Answer 9

Cilia

Question 10

___________ sacs which arise from the ducts, contain clusters of alveoli, which are the basic units of gas exchange

Answer 10

Alveolar

Question 11

This substance is secreted by type 2 alveolar cells in the walls of the alveoli. Without it the alveoli would collapse

Answer 11

Surfactant- this phospholipid protein reduces the surface tension in the alveoli

Question 12

The lungs are located in the ___________ cavity in the thorax

Answer 12

pleural

Question 13

The respiratory structures are innervated by which nerves ?

Answer 13

The phrenic, vagus, and thoracic nerves

Question 14

What are the accessory muscles of respiration ?

Answer 14

The scalene muscles, which elevate the first 2 ribs
the sternocleidomastoid muscles, which raise the sternum
the trapezius and pectoralis muscles, which fix the shoulders

Question 15

The ________ descends into the abdominal cavity during inspiration, causing negative pressure in the lungs

Answer 15

diaphragm

the negative pressure draws air from the area of greater pressure, the atmosphere into the area of lesser pressure, the lungs

Question 16

In the lungs, air passes through the terminal bronchioles and into the _____________ and diffuses into surrounding ________________, then travels to the rest of the body oxygenate the body tissues

Answer 16

alveoli; capillaries

Question 17

What happens at the end of inspiration ?

Answer 17

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil
As the lung recoils, the pressure within the lungs becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure, causing the air, which now contains the cellular waste products carbon dioxide and water, to move from the alveoli in the lungs to the atmosphere

Question 18

What does effective gas exchange depend on ?

Answer 18

Distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs