ANEMIA

Question 1

a deficiency in the number of RBC , the quantity or quality of hemoglobin and/or volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit)

Answer 1

anemia

Question 2

because RBCs transport O2, erythrocyte disorders can lead to tissue ____________

Answer 2

hypoxia. This accounts for many of the signs & symptoms of anemia. Anemia is a manifestation of a pathologic process

Question 3

How is anemia diagnosed ?

Answer 3

based on a CBC, reticulocyte count, and peripheral blood smear

Question 4

various types of anemia can be classified according to either _____________ or ___________

Answer 4

morphology (cellular characteristic) or etiology (cause)

Question 5

___ levels are often used to determine the level of anemia

Answer 5

hemoglobin

Question 6

the clinical manifestations of anemia are caused by the body’s response to

Answer 6

tissue hypoxia

Question 7

Mild states of anemia are between __________ g/dL and can exist without causing symptoms.

Answer 7

10-12 Hgb g/dL.

If symptoms develop, it is because the patient has an underlying disease or is experiencing a compensatory response to heavy exercise. Symptoms include mild fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea

Question 8

Moderate anemia levels

Answer 8

HgB 6-10 g/dL

fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea can be experienced while resting as well as with activity

Question 9

Severe anemia levels

Answer 9

HgB < 6

patient has many clinical manifestations involving multiple body systems

Question 10

MORPHOLOGIC TYPE OF ANEMIA: normocytic, normochromic

Answer 10

normal size and color of RBC

can happen from acute blood loss, hemolysis, chronic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia

Question 11

MORPHOLOGIC TYPE OF ANEMIA: microcytic, hypochromic

Answer 11

small size, pale color

can happen from iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, lead poisoning, vitamin B6 deficiency

Question 12

MORPHOLOGIC TYPE OF ANEMIA: macrocytic (Megaloblastic), normochromic

Answer 12

Large size, normal color

can be caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency, liver disease, and folic acid deficiency

Question 13

cause of anemia: Decreased RBC production. This can occur from

Answer 13

decreased iron availability
decreased erythropoietin
deficient nutrients (iron, Vitamin B12, folic acid)

Question 14

causes of anemia: BLOOD LOSS. this can occur from

Answer 14

chronic causes - liver disease, bleeding duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer

acute causes - acute trauma, ruptured aortic aneurysm, GI bleeding

Question 15

causes of Anemia: INCREASED RBC destruction. this can occur from

Answer 15

hemolysis - sickle cell disease, medication (Methyldopa), incompatible blood, trauma (cardiopulmonary bypass)

Question 16

integumentary manifestations of anemia

Answer 16

pallor, jaundice, pruritus

Pallor from reduced amounts of hemoglobin and reduced blood flow to the skin

Question 17

Cardiopulmonary manifestations of anemia

Answer 17

manifestations result from additional attempts by the heart and lungs to provide adequate amounts of O2 to the tissues

CO is maintained by increasing the HR and stroke volume
low viscosity of the blood contributes to the development of systolic murmurs and bruits

Heart failure, cardiomegaly, pulmonary and systemic congestion, ascites and peripheral edema may develop if the heart is overworked for an extended period

Question 18

in a severely anemic patient, the nurse would expect to find

Answer 18

dyspnea & tachycardia