Coronary Artery Disease Flashcards
What is CAD?
coronary arteries that deliver a constant blood supply to heart muscle start to develop fatty plaques which leads to restriction of blood flow to the heart
these fatty plaques are caused a by a condition called atherosclerosis, which creates fatty plaques in the artery walls. This happens overtime, and limits blood supply to the heart muscle, and if it gets worse, it can lead to blockage.
These plaques can also rupture and lead to thrombus formation
(hence causing a Myocardial infarction)
Atherosclerosis can also lead to hypertension, chest pain, and heart failure.
this condition creates fatty plaques in the artery walls
atherosclerosis
what is the danger with atherosclerosis ?
It limits blood supply to the heart especially and can eventually lead to total blockage. The plaques that build up on the artery walls can rupture and lead to thrombus formation, which can lead to a myocardial infarction.
The left coronary artery branches off to
Left circumflex artery
Left anterior descending artery
provides blood to left atrium & lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle
left circumflex artery
provides blood to the front and bottom of the left ventricle and front of the septum
left anterior descending artery
_____________ artery provides blood to the right atrium and ventricle and to the bottom part of the left ventricle and back of the septum and branches off to:
Right coronary artery;
–Right marginal artery
-Posterior descending artery
Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis
Smoking Unhealthy: obese or overweight High cholesterol Sedentary lifestyle Diabetes Family history
Patho of Atherosclerosis Simplified:
LDL adhesion, asymptomatic, stable angina, activity
Blood flows through the artery which contains the red blood cells and lipids (LDL). LDL (low-density lipoproteins…the bad cholesterol) starts to adhere to the artery wall and grows overtime (risks factors can increase the rate at which it grows).
As it grows the patient is usually asymptomatic until the plaque becomes so big the artery starts to become narrow and blood flow to the heart becomes restricted. The patient can experience stable angina when the artery is blocked enough to slightly impede blood flow (however, blood is still able to get to the heart muscle), but the patient only has the chest pain during ACTIVITY. The activity increases the heart rate and puts strain on the heart which already has compromised blood flow, but when the activity STOPS the pain STOPS too.
_______________ can develop if chronic ischemia is experienced. This is where more than one artery forms to re-route blood to the heart muscle to make up for the decreased blood flow due to the blockage.
Collateral circulation
Patients with fatty plaque buildup in the arteries are at risk for the plaques to___________, which can lead to ___________.
rupture. coronary thrombosis
This can lead to coronary thrombosis where clotting material aggregates at the site of rupture and this leads to a significant or complete blockage of the coronary artery. Patients will have acute coronary syndrome with unstable angina or experience a myocardial infraction. This is a medical emergency.
S/S of Coronary Artery Disease
Many patients are ___________during the early phases of CAD development.
asymptomatic;
chest pain during activity (stable angina…not a medical emergency but patients need to let their doctor know about this chest pain so diagnostic testing can be performed). The pain may feel like heaviness on chest….can progress to unstable angina where the patient will have pain at rest and it is more intense…may not be relieved by Nitroglycerin.
Shortness of breath: easily gets short of breath during activity because the blood supply is impeded to the heart muscle.
Very tired, feeling run down especially with activity
stable angina is characterized by
chest pain with activity that is relieved at rest. It is NOT a medical emergency
stable angina can progress to _______, which is characterized by
unstable angina; pain at rest and upon exertion, more intense pain, may not be relieved by nitroglycerin
three symptoms to remember with coronary artery disease
chest pain, short of breath, tired more easily especially with activity