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NCLEX Review > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hematology?

A

The study of blood and blood forming tissues, which includes the bone marrow, blood, spleen. and lymph system

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2
Q

A basic knowledge of hematology is useful in clinical settings to evaluate these 4 things

A

the patients ability to transport O2 and CO2, maintain intravascular volume. coagulate blood, combat infections

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3
Q

_____________ play a role in allergic responses/reactions and parasitic infections.

A

Eosinophils

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4
Q

Which result in the complete blood count (CBC) reflects the protein found on the red blood cell that helps carry oxygen throughout the body

A

Hgb (Hemoglobin)

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5
Q

Low Platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

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6
Q

Low White Blood cell count

A

Leukopenia

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7
Q

represents the average size of red blood cells on the CBC result.

A

MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)

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8
Q

You’re assessing the red blood cell indices on the complete blood count (CBC). What part of the indices represents the concentration of Hgb on the RBC?

A

MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

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9
Q

Plasma is ______________ water

A

92%

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10
Q

Blood is composed of _______________ & ____________

A

plasma; formed elements

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11
Q

What does plasma consist of ?

A

protein (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen)
water
other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products (BUN, uric acid, lactic acid)
, gases (O2, CO2)
regulatory substances (hormones- cortisol, aldosterone, ADH, erythroepoetin)

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12
Q

All of the components of blood are essential to maintaining _______________-

A

homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the first step in fibrin clot formation ?

A

The formation of a platelet plug

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14
Q

we know when the neutrophils are high, we suspect an

A

acute infection

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15
Q

Where are all the formed elements of the blood manufactured ?

A

The bone marrow

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16
Q

When you have a suppressed bone marrow, you have

A

pancytopenia

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17
Q

One erythrocyte carries how many hemoglobin molecules ?

A

300

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18
Q

When you administer a patient PRBC, what is the underlying reason behind it ?

A

To restore the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

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19
Q

Spleen’s importance

A

very important for immunity
is a filter for blood
stores old components of RBC, platelets

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20
Q

Liver’s importance

A

Prothrombin, Albumin, makes bile (w/o bile you are not able to absorb fats and fat soluble vitamin (ADEK)

without absorption of vitamin K, you get bleeding

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21
Q

Who is the first responder in clot formation ?

A

Platelets - activated by the extrinsic or intrinsic factor (from the endothelial lining itself, can be damaged by toxins. ischemia)

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22
Q

ADP helps the platelet to

A

aggregate

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23
Q

This medication blocks binding of ADP to PLT-ADP receptor site

A

Plavix

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24
Q

What does Thromboxane do ?

A

induces aggregation

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25
Q

this medication inhibits enzymes needed (by PLT) to make thromboxane

A

Aspirin

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26
Q

Antiplatelet drugs act on the __________ system so the ___________never form

A

arterial; platelet plugs

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27
Q

extrinsic means some source of trauma thats ___________-to the endothelial system

A

external

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28
Q

This medication prevents the synthesis of the Vitamin K clotting dependent factors ……………

A

Coumadin (Warfarin)

29
Q

Vitamin K is the ____________ activator

A

prothrombin

30
Q

This medication disrupts the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin so that that the fibrin clot can never form

A

Heparin

31
Q

This is the ratio of patients prothrombin time to the normal mean

A

INR
International Normalized Ratio

It helps to standarize the way we interpret the prothrombin time

32
Q

Both Heparin & Warfarin are interrupting the common clotting pathway in different places. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

33
Q

does heparin or warfarin have the longer half life

A

Warfarin does

Heparin has short half life - once you turn the heparin drip off, normal clotting time will return within 30-60 minutes

34
Q

Immune system - we have _________ and __________ ways to protect us against invaders

A

specific; nonspecific

35
Q

The specific protection in our immune system involves these 2 types of cells

A

T cell & B cell

36
Q

What are the 5 types of B cells (immunoglobulins/antibodies)?

Why does this matter clinically?

A 
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
IgM

Hypersensitivity diseases - these B cell types have a role

37
Q

Both the B cell and the T cell have ____________ and take “notes.”

A

memory

38
Q

Is the primary immune response or the secondary immune response more dramatic ?

A

The secondary immune response is more dramatic
- this is when the body amounts an immune response after being exposed to something it has already been exposed to. Clinically, this is when you would start seeing clinical manifestations of an allergic response

it is important to note when giving a drug whether this is the first time a patient has received it, and if so to pay especially special attention to the second time they receive it because that is likely when the clinical manifestations of an allergic response will occur

39
Q

Ig___ are antibodies located on the surface of red blood cells

A

IgD

40
Q

most relevant antibody types to pay attention to

A

IgG
IgE
IgM

41
Q

which antibodies are mostly involved in the primary & secondary immune response ?

A

IgG

IgM

42
Q

this is the antibody type involved in allergies

A

IgE

43
Q

a very severe allergic response to something that can be life endangering

A

anaphylaxis

44
Q

Different types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 1 - mediated by IgE to allergens
Type 2 - mediated by IgG & IgM (called a cytotoxic response)
Type 3 - an antigen-antibody immune complex is formed
Type 4 - only one that is T cell mediated , it is a delayed response. (Latex allergies & contact dermatitis fall within this category of hypersensitivity response)

45
Q

Type ______hypersensitivity is associated with an extreme ___anaphylactic_____________ response

A

1

46
Q

these are WBC that releases histamine during an allergic reaction

A

Basophils & Mast cells

with histamine comes an inflammatory response, change in capillary permeability and all the reactions we think of with inflammation

47
Q

swelling of the tissue just beneath the skins surface

A

angioedema

48
Q

Anaphylaxis manifestations

A

angioedema (Dangerous b/c of airway closure potential)
Urticaria (rash on skin)
Widening of the blood vessels - patient could lost BP and go into shock

49
Q

Steroids are ___________ stabilizers, which are the ones that release ___________

A

mast cell; histamine

50
Q

__________ stimulates the bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production

A

Erythropoietin

51
Q

normal life span of a erythrocyte (RBC)

A

120 days

52
Q

What is erythropoiesis regulated by ?

A

Cellular 02 requirements and general metabolic activity

53
Q

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ___________ and controlled by _____________

A

hypoxia; erythropoietin ( a glycoprotein growth factor synthesized and released primarily by the kidney- it stimulates the bone marrow to increase RBC production)

54
Q

Erythropoiesis is also influenced by the availability of ___________ such as

A

nutrients; protein, iron, folate (folic acid), cobalamin (vitamin B12), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, niacin, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and Vitamin E

ERythrocyte production is also affected by endocrine hormones, such as thyroxine, corticosteroids, and testosterone

55
Q

this is the immature erythrocyte and assessing their number is a useful means of evaluating the rate and adequacy of erythrocyte production

A

Reticulocyte - can develop into mature RBCs within 48 hours of release into circulation

56
Q

the primary function of granulocytes (leukocytes containing granules within the cytoplasm)

A

phagocytosis

granulocytes can migrate through vessel walls and to the sites where they are needed most

57
Q

_____ are the primary phagocytic cells involved in acute inflammatory responses

A

Neutrophils

58
Q

this is a mature neutrophil

A

segmented neutrophil

mature because the nucleus is segmented into 2-5 lobes connected by strands

59
Q

this is a immature neutrophil

A

band (for the band appearance of the nucleus)

the mature neutrophil is much more effective at phagocytosis

60
Q

an increase in __________ in the blood is a common diagnostic indicator of infection and tissue injury

A

neutrophils

61
Q

___________ cells are similar to basophils, but they reside in connective tissues and play a central role in inflammation, permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction

A

Mast

62
Q

____________ cells are lymphocytes that do not require prior exposure to antigens to kill virus infected cells and activate T cells and phagocytes

A

Natural Killer

most lymphocytes transiently circulate in the blood and also reside in lymphoid tissues

63
Q

their primary function is to initiate the clotting process by producing an initial platelet plug at the site of injury

A

platelets

at the site of any capillary damage, platelet activation is initiated
increasing number of platelets accumulate to form an initial platelet plug that is stabilized with clotting factors

64
Q

platelet production is partly regulated by _____________ a growth factor that acts on the bone marrow to stimulate platelet production. Where is this produced ?

A

thrombopoietin

It is produced in the liver, kidneys, smooth muscle and bone marrow

65
Q

About 2/3 of total body iron is bound to ______________ in erythrocytes and ______________ in muscle cells
What is the other 1/3 stored as ?

A

hemoglobin; myoglobin
The other 1/3 is stored as ferritin and hemosiderin (degraded form of ferritin) in the bone marrow, spleen, liver & macrophages

When the stored iron is not replaced, hemoglobin production is reduced

66
Q

_____________, synthesized in the liver, serves as a carrier plasma protein for iron.

A

Transferrin

67
Q

The degree to which ____________ is saturated with iron is a reliable indicator of the iron supply for developing RBCs

A

Transferrin

68
Q

There is normally very little iron loss except from blood loss. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

As part of normal iron metabolism, iron is recycled after macrophages in the liver and spleen phagocytize old & damaged RBCs. Iron binds to transferrin in the plasma or is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin. Only about 3% is lost daily in sweat, urine, bile and epithelial cells in the GI tract.

NCLEX Review (64 decks)

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