Respiratory A and P Flashcards
What are he functions of respiratory system?
- Gaseous exchange,
- Regulate blood acidity
- Removes small amounts of heat and water
- Filters inspired air
- Produces vocal sounds
- Contains receptors providing a sense of small
What are the sections of the Pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What can be found throughout the respiratory system to filter air?
Hair
What is the purpose of the epiglotis?
To prevent liquid and solids from entering the respiratory system
What is the purpose of the Uvula?
To prevent back flow from the oral cavity into the nasal cavity
What does the lower airway consist of?
Cricoid Cartilage, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, alveoli and lungs
What is the larynx formed of?
- Rings of hard cartilage to protect the airway
What are the 2 sets of cartilage found in the Larynx?
Thyroid (Upper)
Cricoid (Lower)
What is the purpose of Cricoid pressure during intubation?
To flatten the oesophagus, to prevent intubation/ regurgutation
Why is more likely for the R lung to be intubated?
The left main bronchus goes up at an angle to accommodate the heart underneath
Where does gas exchange happen within the lungs?
In the Alveoli
Why does O2 diffuse from the lung into the capillary?
O2 concentration is higher in the lung than in the capillary
Why does CO2 diffuse out of the capillary into the alveoli?
The concentration is higher in the capilary, gas exchange is from a high concentration to a low conentration.
What does the pleura allow for?
Constant movement of the lungs
How does the structure of the pleura allow it to complete its function?
The pleura consists of two sheets with fluid in between that slide across each other as the lungs expand and contract.
What causes pleuritic pain?
Infection/ Swelling between the pleural linings.
What happens to the diaphragm when breathing in?
- It contracts and flattens, increasing the space within the chest cavity.
What happens to the diaphragm when breathing out?
- It relaxes and domes, decreasing the space within the cavity.
What are the 3 steps of respiration?
- Pulmonary respiration
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
What is the process of pulmonary respiration?
- The manual change in pressure caused by inhalation and exhalation
What is exhalation caused by?
Muscle recall
What occurs during inhalattion?
- Cavity pressure decreases
- Cavity capacity increases
- Air comes in
- Diaphragm flattens/ contracts
What occurs during exhalation?
- Cavity capacity decreases
- Cavity pressure increases
- Air is forced out
- Diaphragm relaxes/ domes
Where does external respiration occur?
- in the alveoli
What is the process of external respiration?
- O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the capillary
- CO2 diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli
Where does internal respiration occur?
In the cells
What occurs during internal respiration?
- O2 diffuses from the capillaries into the cells
- CO2 diffuses from the cells into the capillaries
Where are intercostal muscles found?
Between the ribs
What is found within each intercostal space?
Intercostal vein, artery and nerve in the costal groove.
What is the active phases or respiration?
Inhalation
What are the 3 sets of accessory muscles that might be seen during increased WOB?
Neck - Sterocleidmoastoid, Scalines
Intercostal region - Extended oblique, Rectors abdominous
Side - Internal Oblique, Transverse abdominous
What is the % concentration of O2, comparing inspired and expired air?
Inspired - 20.9%
Expired - 16%
What is the % concentration of CO2, comparing inspired and expired air?
Inspired - 0.04%
Expired - 4%
What is the % concentration of Nitrogen, comparing inspired and expired air?
inspired - 78.6%
Expired - 79%
What is the % concentration of Other inspired gasses, comparing inspired and expired air?
Inspired - 0.46%
Expired - Variable
If expired CO2 is less than 4%, what might this suggestt?
- CO2 retention
What is PaO2?
The Partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
What is PaCO2?
The partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood.
Where in the brain is the respiratory system controlled from?
The brain stem, PONS and medulla
What does the hering-brewer reflex control?
- Prevents over inflation of the lungs.
What does a head injury with decreased respiratory effort suggest?
Damage to the brain stem
Where are cental chemoreceptors found?
Located in the medulla oblangatta, bellow PONS in the brain stem.
What do central chemoreceptors detect?
- Increased PaCO2
- Decreased Ph
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Located in the aorta and coratoid bodies
What is the advantage of having chemoreceptors in the aorta?
- It is where the most oxygenated blood travels through
What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 12+?
12-20
What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 5-12?
20-25
What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 2-5?
25-30
What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 1-2?
25-35
What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 3months till 1 year?
30-40
What is the normal SPO2 range for a newborn PT?
40-60
What is the expected SPO2 range for a PT with no previous respiratory history?
94% - 98%
What is the expected SPO2 range for a pt with a known respiratory condition?
88% - 92%
In what SPO2 range should a PT be considered as hypoxic?
85% - 93%
In what SPO2 range should a PT be considered as a severely hypoxic?
<85%
What are the main symptoms of COVID-19?
- Acute Respiratory distress
- Pyrexia (37.8+)
- New onset continuous cough
- Loss or change in sense of taste or smell
What should be considered if a PT is presenting with Dysponea post COVID?
- Potential for PE/ Blood clots
What is currently considered an AGP according to YAS guidelines?
- Tracheotomy/ Laryngectomy procedures
- Respiratory tract suction below the oropharynx
What history needs to be obtained from a covid positive patient?
- Severity of breathlessness
- Impact on normal activities
- Associated symptoms.
What may bubbling sputum suggest?
- ?Heart failure
What may frothy white sputum indicate?
? Acute heart failure
What may yellow/green phlegm indicate?
Chest infection
