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AAP Upskill > Respiratory A and P > Flashcards

Respiratory A and P Flashcards

1
Q

What are he functions of respiratory system?

A
  • Gaseous exchange,
  • Regulate blood acidity
  • Removes small amounts of heat and water
  • Filters inspired air
  • Produces vocal sounds
  • Contains receptors providing a sense of small
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2
Q

What are the sections of the Pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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3
Q

What can be found throughout the respiratory system to filter air?

A

Hair

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglotis?

A

To prevent liquid and solids from entering the respiratory system

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the Uvula?

A

To prevent back flow from the oral cavity into the nasal cavity

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6
Q

What does the lower airway consist of?

A

Cricoid Cartilage, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, alveoli and lungs

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7
Q

What is the larynx formed of?

A
  • Rings of hard cartilage to protect the airway
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8
Q

What are the 2 sets of cartilage found in the Larynx?

A

Thyroid (Upper)
Cricoid (Lower)

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Cricoid pressure during intubation?

A

To flatten the oesophagus, to prevent intubation/ regurgutation

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10
Q

Why is more likely for the R lung to be intubated?

A

The left main bronchus goes up at an angle to accommodate the heart underneath

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange happen within the lungs?

A

In the Alveoli

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12
Q

Why does O2 diffuse from the lung into the capillary?

A

O2 concentration is higher in the lung than in the capillary

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13
Q

Why does CO2 diffuse out of the capillary into the alveoli?

A

The concentration is higher in the capilary, gas exchange is from a high concentration to a low conentration.

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14
Q

What does the pleura allow for?

A

Constant movement of the lungs

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15
Q

How does the structure of the pleura allow it to complete its function?

A

The pleura consists of two sheets with fluid in between that slide across each other as the lungs expand and contract.

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16
Q

What causes pleuritic pain?

A

Infection/ Swelling between the pleural linings.

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17
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when breathing in?

A
  • It contracts and flattens, increasing the space within the chest cavity.
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18
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when breathing out?

A
  • It relaxes and domes, decreasing the space within the cavity.
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19
Q

What are the 3 steps of respiration?

A
  • Pulmonary respiration
  • External respiration
  • Internal respiration
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20
Q

What is the process of pulmonary respiration?

A
  • The manual change in pressure caused by inhalation and exhalation
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21
Q

What is exhalation caused by?

A

Muscle recall

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22
Q

What occurs during inhalattion?

A
  • Cavity pressure decreases
  • Cavity capacity increases
  • Air comes in
  • Diaphragm flattens/ contracts
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23
Q

What occurs during exhalation?

A
  • Cavity capacity decreases
  • Cavity pressure increases
  • Air is forced out
  • Diaphragm relaxes/ domes
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24
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A
  • in the alveoli
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25
Q

What is the process of external respiration?

A
  • O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the capillary
  • CO2 diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli
26
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

In the cells

27
Q

What occurs during internal respiration?

A
  • O2 diffuses from the capillaries into the cells
  • CO2 diffuses from the cells into the capillaries
28
Q

Where are intercostal muscles found?

A

Between the ribs

29
Q

What is found within each intercostal space?

A

Intercostal vein, artery and nerve in the costal groove.

30
Q

What is the active phases or respiration?

A

Inhalation

31
Q

What are the 3 sets of accessory muscles that might be seen during increased WOB?

A

Neck - Sterocleidmoastoid, Scalines
Intercostal region - Extended oblique, Rectors abdominous
Side - Internal Oblique, Transverse abdominous

32
Q

What is the % concentration of O2, comparing inspired and expired air?

A

Inspired - 20.9%
Expired - 16%

33
Q

What is the % concentration of CO2, comparing inspired and expired air?

A

Inspired - 0.04%
Expired - 4%

34
Q

What is the % concentration of Nitrogen, comparing inspired and expired air?

A

inspired - 78.6%
Expired - 79%

35
Q

What is the % concentration of Other inspired gasses, comparing inspired and expired air?

A

Inspired - 0.46%
Expired - Variable

36
Q

If expired CO2 is less than 4%, what might this suggestt?

A
  • CO2 retention
37
Q

What is PaO2?

A

The Partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood

38
Q

What is PaCO2?

A

The partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood.

39
Q

Where in the brain is the respiratory system controlled from?

A

The brain stem, PONS and medulla

40
Q

What does the hering-brewer reflex control?

A
  • Prevents over inflation of the lungs.
41
Q

What does a head injury with decreased respiratory effort suggest?

A

Damage to the brain stem

42
Q

Where are cental chemoreceptors found?

A

Located in the medulla oblangatta, bellow PONS in the brain stem.

43
Q

What do central chemoreceptors detect?

A
  • Increased PaCO2
  • Decreased Ph
44
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Located in the aorta and coratoid bodies

45
Q

What is the advantage of having chemoreceptors in the aorta?

A
  • It is where the most oxygenated blood travels through
46
Q

What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 12+?

A

12-20

47
Q

What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 5-12?

A

20-25

48
Q

What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 2-5?

A

25-30

49
Q

What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 1-2?

A

25-35

50
Q

What is the normal SPO2 range for a Pt aged 3months till 1 year?

A

30-40

51
Q

What is the normal SPO2 range for a newborn PT?

A

40-60

52
Q

What is the expected SPO2 range for a PT with no previous respiratory history?

A

94% - 98%

53
Q

What is the expected SPO2 range for a pt with a known respiratory condition?

A

88% - 92%

54
Q

In what SPO2 range should a PT be considered as hypoxic?

A

85% - 93%

55
Q

In what SPO2 range should a PT be considered as a severely hypoxic?

A

<85%

56
Q

What are the main symptoms of COVID-19?

A
  • Acute Respiratory distress
  • Pyrexia (37.8+)
  • New onset continuous cough
  • Loss or change in sense of taste or smell
57
Q

What should be considered if a PT is presenting with Dysponea post COVID?

A
  • Potential for PE/ Blood clots
58
Q

What is currently considered an AGP according to YAS guidelines?

A
  • Tracheotomy/ Laryngectomy procedures
  • Respiratory tract suction below the oropharynx
59
Q

What history needs to be obtained from a covid positive patient?

A
  • Severity of breathlessness
  • Impact on normal activities
  • Associated symptoms.
59
Q

What may bubbling sputum suggest?

A
  • ?Heart failure
60
Q

What may frothy white sputum indicate?

A

? Acute heart failure

61
Q

What may yellow/green phlegm indicate?

A

Chest infection

AAP Upskill (28 decks)

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