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AAP Upskill > ECG Fundamentals and NSR > Flashcards

ECG Fundamentals and NSR Flashcards

1
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Tricuspid
  • mitral
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2
Q

What are the semi-lunar valves?

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Aortic
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3
Q

Define “Diastole”.

A

Relaxation

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4
Q

Define “Systole”

A

Contraction

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5
Q

What is the electrical conduction pathway?

A

SAN - AVN - Bundle of his - Bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

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6
Q

What is a septum?

A

The part that separates 2 chambers

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7
Q

What does the cardiac skeleton consist of?

A

4 cartilage rings around the valves to provide structure of the heart.

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8
Q

What are the 4 functions of cardiac myocites?

A

Autonomy = Ability to spontaneously initiate
Excitability = Ability to respond to a signal
Conductivity = Ability to transmit signals
Contractility = Ability to contract after depolarisation

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9
Q

Define “natural pacemaker”.

A

A cluster of cells within the heart that have the ability to cause a contraction.

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10
Q

What does the vagus nerve do to the SA node?

A

Releases a hormone to slow down the electrical conductive pathway, to lower blood pressure.

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved with the control of blood pressure?

A

Vagus nerve
Glossophargengeal

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12
Q

When Sino Atrial node is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

60-100

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13
Q

When Atrial cells is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

55-60

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14
Q

When Atrioventricular node is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

45-50

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15
Q

When Bundle of his is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

40-45

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16
Q

When Bundle branches is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

40-45

17
Q

When Purkinje fibers is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

35-40

18
Q

When Myocites is being used as a natural pacemaker, what is the rate it is likely to beat at?

A

30-35

19
Q

What are the 3 main ions that cause contraction in myocytes?

A
  • Calcium
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
20
Q

At what voltage does a cell sit at during the resting period?

A

-90 mV

21
Q

What is the main ion inside the cell during the resting period?

A

Potassium

22
Q

Which ion can easily pass through the membrane?

A

Potassium

23
Q

What is the threshold?

A

The voltage in which sodium potassium pumps are activated, triggering depolarisation of the cell.

24
Q

Which ions move through a voltage gated channel?

A

Calcium - During deplorisation
Sodium - During depolarisation
Potassium - During repolarisation

25
Q

What increases the deflection on an ECG?

A

An increased number of cardiac myocytes contracting

26
Q

With every cycle of the sodium-potassium pump, how many of each molecule moved against the concentration gradient?

A
  • 3 sodium
  • 2 Potassium
27
Q

Which 2 polarisation show an upward deflection on an ECG?

A

Depolarisation towards the ECG electrode
Repolarisation away from the ECG electrode

28
Q

Which 2 polarisation cause a downward deflection on the ECG?

A

Repolarisation towards the ECG electrode
Depolarisation away from the ECG electrode

29
Q

What is a P wave?

A

A wave of depolarisation from the SAN across the atria

30
Q

What complex shows ventricular systole?

A

QRS

31
Q

How long is shown in 1 large square of ECG paper?

A

0.2 seconds

32
Q

How long is shown in 1 small square of ECG paper?

A

0.04 seconds

33
Q

What is the standard ECG printer speed?

A

25mm per second.

34
Q

What is the expected PR interval?

A

0.12-0.25 (3-5 small squares)

35
Q

What should the QRS width be?

A

1.5- 2.75 small squares (0.06 - 0.11s)

36
Q

What is the normal QT segment?

A

0.35 - 0.42s (9-10.5 small squares)

37
Q

How is heart rate calculated on a ECG3?

A

Number of QRS complexes on a 6 second rhythm strip

38
Q

How many large boxes are on a 6 second rhythm strip?

A

30

39
Q

What are the 9 points for checking NSR?

A
  • Rate
  • Regularity
  • What does the P wave look like
  • Is there a P before every QRS
  • Allways a QRS post P
  • Normal PR QT intervals?
  • Broad QRS
  • Normal ST segment
  • Where is the pacemaker

AAP Upskill (28 decks)

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