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A&P > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory functions

A

Gas exchange
Communication
Olfaction
pH regulation

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2
Q

Nose functions

A

Warm
Cleanse
Humidify
Detects odors
Amplifies sound
Protection

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3
Q

Nose structures

A

Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum

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4
Q

Nostrils

A

External openings

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5
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Internal chamber

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6
Q

Nasal cavity structures

A

Conchae
Meatus

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7
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Tissue folds with blood and mucus that warm and humidify incoming air

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8
Q

Nasal meatus

A

Separates the conchae
Passage for air

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9
Q

Nasal septum

A

Separate the cavities

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10
Q

Pharynx functions

A

Carries air between the nasal cavity and the larynx

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11
Q

Parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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12
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
Passage for air

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13
Q

Oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Passage for air and food

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14
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Passage for air and food

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15
Q

Larynx functions

A

Carries air between and pharynx and trachea
Preventing food from entering the trachea
Sounds production

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16
Q

Parts of the larynx

A

Glottis
Vestibular folds
Vocal chords
Cartilage

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17
Q

Glottis

A

Airway surrounded by the larynx

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18
Q

Vestibular folds

A

Muscles that protect the airway by preventing food from entering the trachea

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19
Q

Vocal chords

A

Muscles that produce sound

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20
Q

Larynx cartilage

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

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21
Q

Epiglottis

A

Uppermost portion of the larynx
Elastic cartilage
Prevents food from entering the glottis

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22
Q

Thyroid cartilage
(Adam’s Apple)

A

Middle portion of larynx
Shield
Hyaline cartilage
Surrounds vocal chords

23
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Bottom portion of the larynx
Hyaline cartilage
Connects larynx to the trachea

24
Q

Trachea

A

Connection btw larynx and bronchial tree
Ciliates pseudostratified columnar epithelium
C-shaped cartilage rings give support

25
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Network of highly branched air tubes
Top three
-Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- supported by cartilage
Bottom three
- Ciliated stratified cuboidal epithelium
- supported by muscle

26
Q

Structures of the bronchial tree

A

Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles

27
Q

Main bronchi

A

Largest
Right and left that go to each lung

28
Q

Lobar bronchi

A

Main bronchi split into each lobe

29
Q

Segmental bronchi

A

Branches off of the lobar bronchi

30
Q

Bronchioles

A

Continuation of the segmental bronchi
Transition in tissue
Transition from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle

31
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Branches off of the bronchioles
Cilia
No more mucus

32
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Start to lose smooth muscle and cilia

33
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs on the respiratory branches and alveolar ducts
Main site of gas exchange
Types of cells
Type 1: squamous
Type 2: great
Type 3: alveolar macrophages

34
Q

Type1: squamous
Alveoli cells

A

Gas exchange

35
Q

Type2: great
Alveoli cells

A

Produce surfactant
Prevents alveoli from sticking to themselves and helps them reinflate

36
Q

Type3: alveolar macrophages
Alveoli cells

A

White blood cells
Clean dust and bacteria from alveoli

37
Q

Lung lobes

A

Right- three lobes
Left- two lobes

38
Q

Plurae

A

Serious membrane that surrounds lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
Reduces friction
Creates pressure gradient
Prevent infections from spreading
Three layers:
- parietal
- visceral
- pleural cavity

39
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Surrounds the lungs

40
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the thoracic cavity

41
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space between parietal and visceral pleura
Has serous fluid

42
Q

Types of pressure

A

Atmospheric
Partial

43
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Force exerted on surfaces by molecules of air
TAP= combined pressure of each component in air

44
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

760mmHg

45
Q

Partial pressure

A

Pressure of each specific component in air

46
Q

Composition of air

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% carbon dioxide
Trace amounts of other elements and water vapor

47
Q

Steps of inhalation

A

Muscles contract
Thoracic cavity volume increases
Pressure in lungs decreases to 756mmHg
Air is forced into lungs

48
Q

Steps of expiration

A

Muscles relax
Thoracic cavity volume decreases
Pressure in lungs increases to 763mmHg
Air is forced out

49
Q

Respiration centers in the medulla oblongata

A

Central respiratory group- sets the rhythm of breathing
Dorsal respiratory group- adapts to varying conditions

50
Q

Respiratory center in the pons

A

Pneumotaxic center- regulates the between inhalation and expiration in quiet breathing

51
Q

Oxygen transport

A

Hemoglobin in red blood cells
Dissolved gas in plasma

52
Q

Carbon dioxide transport

A

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
Hemoglobin
Dissolved gas in plasma

53
Q

Bicarbonate transport of carbon dioxide

A

-CO2 enters the blood and combines with water to form carbonic acid
- this dissociates and becomes bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
- the bicarbonate in transported to the lungs where it combines with hydrogen to become carbonic acid
- this dissociates into carbon dioxide and water
- the carbon dioxide is exhaled and the water remains in the plasma

A&P (16 decks)

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