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A&P > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A

Regulates internal functions
Responds to stimuli to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers
- endocrine
- exocrine

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Both nervous tissue and endocrine gland
Controls glands via the pituitary gland which it controls via hormones

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4
Q

Hypothalamus hormones

A

To the posterior pituitary
- oxytocin
- antidiuretic hormone
To the anterior pituitary
- hypothalamic releasing hormone

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5
Q

Function of tropic hormones

A

Hormones that are released by a gland and travel to another gland to stimulate them to release another hormone

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6
Q

Tropic hormones

A

TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH

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7
Q

Glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas

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8
Q

Pituitary gland location

A

Located under and controlled by the hypothalamus
Connected by a stalk called the infundibulum

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
- stimulated by hormones from the hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone

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10
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- stimulated by nerve impulses

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

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11
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

No target cell
Effects all cells
Causes cells to increase in size and number
Higher levels in puberty

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12
Q

Prolactin

A

Affects mammillary glands
Influences milk production
Highest levels after childbirth

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13
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormone

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14
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol

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15
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Targets sex hormones
Stimulates sperm and egg production

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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Targets sex organs
Stimulates ovulation and testosterone

17
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

Targets the uterus
Stimulates contractions for childbirth
Targets mammillary glands
Sperm release and transport
Facilitates emotional bond between mom and infant

18
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Targets the collecting duct in the kidney
Affects water re-absorption
Increases blood pressure by adding water o the blood

19
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine and endocrine gland
Pancreatic islet cells produce cells

20
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Beta cells
Alpha cells

21
Q

Beta cells

A

Produce insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels and stores glucose in cells

22
Q

Alpha cells

A

Produce glucagon
Release glucose into the bloodstream

23
Q

Thyroid gland structure

A

Follicles
Colloid
Parafollicular cells

24
Q

Thyroid follicle hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4)
- four iodine molecules
Triiodothyronine (T3)
- three iodine molecules

25
Q

Thyroid follicle hormone functions

A

Non specific
Increase metabolism
Increase body temp & weight
Increase cardiac output and respiratory rate
Stimulate appetite

26
Q

Colloid

A

Stores the hormones that the follicle produces
Newly like structure in the middle of the follicle sack

27
Q

Thyroid Parafollicular cells

A

Cells found between the follicles
Produce calcitonin

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases levels of blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts
Restricts osteoclast activity
Mostly active in kids

29
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid
Release parathyroid hormone in response to low calcium levels

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Increases blood calcium levels through the stimulation of osteoclasts

31
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Paired glands that sit on top of each other

32
Q

Adrenal gland sections

A

Medulla
- inner layer
Cortex
- outer layer

33
Q

Adrenal cortex zones
Outer to inner

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

34
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones

A

Aldosterone (outer zone)
Cortisol (middle zone)
Androgens (inner zone)

35
Q

Aldosterone

A

Regulates electrolytes
Influences water volume and blood pressure

36
Q

Cortisol

A

No target tissue
Released in response to ACTH under stressful circumstances

Regulates metabolism
Stimulates glucose production

37
Q

Androgens

A

Sex steroids
Influences sexual behavior
Stimulate hair growth
Sustains bone mass in adults and bone growth in kids

38
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

39
Q

Adrenal hormones function

A

Gluconelgenesis: production of new glucose molecules
Glycogenlysis: breakdown of glycogen
Increase cardiac output
Increased ventilation

A&P (16 decks)

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