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A&P > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent)
Central
Motor (efferent)

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2
Q

Component of the CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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3
Q

Components of the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory
Motor

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4
Q

Components of the sensory nervous system

A

Visceral
Somatic

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5
Q

Components of the motor nervous system

A

Visceral
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
Somatic

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6
Q

Somatic motor nervous system

A

Carries info to the skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Visceral motor nervous system
(Autonomic)

A

Carries info to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic

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8
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

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10
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

Conduction
Locomotion
Reflexes

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11
Q

Conduction

A

The spinal cord contains bundles of nerve fibers called tracts that carry info up and down the spinal cord

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12
Q

Locomotion

A

The spinal cord contains groups of neurons that control output to flexor and extensor muscles

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13
Q

Reflexes

A

The spinal cord regulates autonomic involuntary response for posture, movement, and protection

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14
Q

Spinal cord regions

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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15
Q

Spinal cord enlargements

A

Cervical (c5-7)- start of the upper limb nerve branches
Lumbar (l1-2)- start of lower limb nerve branches

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16
Q

Causa equina

A

Bundle of spinal nerves that arise from the medullary cone and innervate lower limbs

Contains lumbar nerves 2-5, all the sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerves

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17
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves does the spinal cord have?

A

31

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18
Q

Meninges

A

Protective fibrous covering around the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Meninges layers

A

Dura mater- physical protection
Arachnoid mater- space w/cervical fluid
Pia mater- innermost layer

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20
Q

Nervous tissue

A

White matter
Grey matter

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21
Q

Grey matter

A

Central tissue
Un-myelinated
Contains synapses
Surrounds central canal

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22
Q

White matter

A

Outer tissue
Myelinated bundles of neurons (tracts)

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23
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Mixed nerves (sensory & motor)
Each nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two roots
- anterior root contains motor axons
-posterior root contains sensory axons

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24
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves breakdown

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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25
Q

Brain ventricles

A

4 chambers filled with CSF

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26
Q

CSF

A

Cerebral spinal fluid is a clear fluid derived from plasma

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27
Q

CSF functions

A

Buoyancy
Prevents collision
Provides chemical stability

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28
Q

Brain regions

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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29
Q

Brain stem

A

Attaches to the spinal cord
Three regions
1. Mid-brain
2. Pons
3. Medulla

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30
Q

Mid-brain

A

Relay station btw higher brain regions and the brainstem

31
Q

Pons

A

Respiration
Sleep
Posture

32
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing rate

33
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

34
Q

Thalamus

A

Directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Link btw nervous and endocrine systems

Thermoregulation
Hunger/thirst
Sleep

36
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and most complex
Contains
-landmarks
- hemispheres
- cerebrum cortex

37
Q

Landmarks

A

Gyri- ridges and folds
Sulci- valleys and narrow grooves
Fissures- deep grooves

38
Q

Hemispheres

A

Connected by corpus callosum

39
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Densely packed grey matter in the surface of the cerebral lobes

40
Q

Lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula

41
Q

Frontal

A

Voluntary movements

42
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receiving and interpreting signals from general senses

43
Q

Occipital

A

Vision

44
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and smell

45
Q

Insula

A

Understanding spoken language and taste

46
Q

Cell classes

A

Neurons
Neuroglia

47
Q

Neuron properties

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion

48
Q

Neuron classes

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

49
Q

Motor neuron structure

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon

50
Q

Axon components

A

Axon hillock
Terminal arborization
Synaptic knob

51
Q

Axon associated structures

A

Schwann cell
- Myelin sheath
- Neurolemma
Node of Ranvier

52
Q

Schwann cell

A

Type of neuroglia cell that supports electrical transmission down the axon

53
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Inner layer of the Schwann cell
- insulates and speed electrical signal

54
Q

Neurolemma

A

Outer layer of the Schwann cell
- helps damaged axons heal

55
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin

56
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal
Microglia
Astrocytes
Schwann cell
Satellite cell

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS
Provide myelin sheath

58
Q

Ependymal cell

A

CNS
Produce CSF

59
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages that move throughout CNS

60
Q

Astrocytes

A

CNS
Most abundant
Support neuron framework
Monitor neuron health
Stimulate brain capillaries

61
Q

Schwann cells

A

In PNS

62
Q

Satellite cells

A

Around somas in CNS
Supportive role

63
Q

Electrical potential

A

Difference btw the concentration of charged particles btw one point and another

64
Q

Electrical current

A

Movement of charged particles from one point to another

65
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Create electrical potential
Sodium out/potassium in
ECF+/ICF-

66
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Actual value of electrical potential of the plasma membrane when at rest

67
Q

ICF resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV (Polarized)

68
Q

Depolarization

A

State of the plasma membrane when there is a positive shift in voltage

69
Q

Local potential

A

A short range change in voltage along the plasma membrane
Graded, decremental, reversible

70
Q

Synapses

A

Region where a neuron carries info to a target cell

71
Q

Components of the a synapse

A

Pre-synaptic structure
Synaptic cleft
Post-synaptic structure

72
Q

Action potential

A

Dramatic change in the state of plasma membrane
Can occur at axon hillock and along the axon length
Full strength or not at all
Nondecremental
Irreversible

73
Q

Unmyelinated neurons

A

Starting in axon hillock and ending in the synaptic knob an action potential triggers a neighboring region of the plasma membrane

74
Q

Myelinated neurons
(Saltatory conduction)

A

Sodium ions diffuse through the ICF to the next node bringing the electrical signal with them internally
- signal gets weaker as it goes
- new action potential occurs at nodes of ranvier

A&P (16 decks)

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