Respiration Flashcards
What dilates the bronchi?
B2 adrenaline, nerves and CO2
What is bulk flow?
Transportation via blood
What carries the respiratory blood?
2 veins carry oxy and 1 artery carries deoxy
What is the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs
What changes the forced expiratory ratio?
Obstructive disease
How do you calculate total lung capacity?
IRV + ERV + TV + RV
How do you calculate vital capacity?
IRV + TV + ERV
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
Volume you can breath in above the tidal volume
What is the functional residual capacity?
Volume of air left in the lungs after expiration
What is boyles law?
That gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume
What is lung compliance?
Lungs ability to stretch and expand, therefore how hard the muscles are working
What is anatomical dead space?
From the pharynx to terminal bronchioles
Why do we have a reserve volume?
Keep the alveoli between breath so they stay open so less energy is required
What causes physiological DS to no longer equal anatomical DS
When there is something wrong with the alveoli as you then have to add the alveolar dead space in
What is poiseuilles law?
Resistance = 1/radius to the power of 4
What would a low or high compliance indicate?
Fibrosis, collagen build up in alveoli
Emphysema, alveoli walls breaking down
What does surfactant do?
Give all alveoli the same surface tension by having varying amounts of surfactant based on the size of the alveoli so they have equal pressures so they all get a fair share of the air and it doesn’t just go to one
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 cells in the alveoli?
Type 1 are flat for gaseous exchange and type 2 are fat to secrete surfactant
What is lower pleural or atmospheric pressure? When may this change?
Pleural is lower
When forcing breathing
What happens to all the pressures when breathing in?
When breathing in alveoli expand and therefore alveolar pressure decreases to lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves in as it does this the pressure rises back up
Intrapleural pressure drops when breathing in as chest wall expands
In the middle of inhalation transpulmonary pressure has therefore increases and then decreases with exhalation
What is the conducting zone?
Bronchioles, trachea, larynx and bronchi
What parts of the respiratory tract have cartilage?
Trachea and bronchi
Pressure of a gas
temp + conc
What is henrys law?
solubility x partial pressure
What’s more soluble, O2 or CO2?
CO2
What is the Cl shift?
HCO3 leaving the cell in exchange for Cl so more CO2 can enter
What is the Haldane effect A?
How deoxy Hb buffers H
What does Hb prefer to carry and when?
CO2 when its deoxy
When does the curve shift left?
Increased pH, decrease CO2 and decreased temp
What happens to air when it’s in the upper airways?
Water dilates it
What is pulmonary oedema?
Having fluid in the lungs which removes surfactant and therefore decreases surface tension
Why does CO2 conc lower from expiring?
It mixes with dead space which has fresh air
Where does the coronary vein go?
Into the ventricle
Where is the sternomastoid and scalene muscle?
Down the side of neck and then underneath it towards the back
Name the accessory muscles (5)
Scalene, sternomastoid, pectorals, intercostals and abdominals
What happens when air gets into pleura?
Lungs collapse as the chest wall expands
What is the central tendon?
Where all the muscles align towards in the diaphragm
Where is the aorta, vena cava and oesophagus?
Aorta passes to the left, the oesophagus is in the middle and the vena cava is on the right in the central tendon
What happens to the negative of the pleura when breathing in?
Gets more negative
What enzyme do the lungs make?
ACE enzyme to convert Ang1 to Ang2
What is anatomical dead space?
Everything that is not respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
What increases physiological dead space so its no longer the same as anatomical?
When the alveoli stop working
What is the residual volume?
Air that’s above the ERV
What is functional residual capacity?
ERV + RV
What is functional residual capacity?
Above tidal volume
How do bronchodilators work? (2)
Inhibit mast cells
Stop Ach release so mucus and muscles can’t contract
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What’s the advantage of drugs having an increased carbon chain length?
Increased bioavailability so not as much medication is needed to be taken
How does the G protein cascade happen?
Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which then goes on to activate protein kinases
Where is the sternal angle?
T4 and 5
Where is the superior thoracic aperture?
Top of rib hole
What type of joint is the sternocostal, costochondral (and where), costovertebral, costotransverse (and where) and where is the interchondral joint?
Synovial Primary cartilaginous- joins to the body Synovial Synovial- near vertebrae Ribs 6-10 joined to the joint cartilage
What is the tubercle
A small lump on the rib
Where is costal cartilage?
Joins rib to sternum
Which direction do the external and internal muscles go?
External go into pockets and the internal do the opposite
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Internal, external and innermost
When breathing in which muscles contract and relax?
External contract
Which ribs are false?
1, 2, 10, 11 and 12
What’s the bit that sticks down wards form the vertebrae?
Spinous process
What joins the facets?
Pedicle
Where are the 3 facets?
Inferior costal at the front, then superior articular and then transverse costal
What is the vertebral foramen?
Hole in the vertebrae
What either side of the spinous process?
Transverse process
