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Year 1 Summative 2 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What dilates the bronchi?

A

B2 adrenaline, nerves and CO2

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2
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Transportation via blood

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3
Q

What carries the respiratory blood?

A

2 veins carry oxy and 1 artery carries deoxy

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4
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

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5
Q

What changes the forced expiratory ratio?

A

Obstructive disease

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6
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

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7
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity?

A

IRV + TV + ERV

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8
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume you can breath in above the tidal volume

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9
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after expiration

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10
Q

What is boyles law?

A

That gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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11
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Lungs ability to stretch and expand, therefore how hard the muscles are working

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12
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

From the pharynx to terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

Why do we have a reserve volume?

A

Keep the alveoli between breath so they stay open so less energy is required

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14
Q

What causes physiological DS to no longer equal anatomical DS

A

When there is something wrong with the alveoli as you then have to add the alveolar dead space in

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15
Q

What is poiseuilles law?

A

Resistance = 1/radius to the power of 4

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16
Q

What would a low or high compliance indicate?

A

Fibrosis, collagen build up in alveoli

Emphysema, alveoli walls breaking down

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17
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Give all alveoli the same surface tension by having varying amounts of surfactant based on the size of the alveoli so they have equal pressures so they all get a fair share of the air and it doesn’t just go to one

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18
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 cells in the alveoli?

A

Type 1 are flat for gaseous exchange and type 2 are fat to secrete surfactant

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19
Q

What is lower pleural or atmospheric pressure? When may this change?

A

Pleural is lower

When forcing breathing

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20
Q

What happens to all the pressures when breathing in?

A

When breathing in alveoli expand and therefore alveolar pressure decreases to lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves in as it does this the pressure rises back up
Intrapleural pressure drops when breathing in as chest wall expands
In the middle of inhalation transpulmonary pressure has therefore increases and then decreases with exhalation

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21
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Bronchioles, trachea, larynx and bronchi

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22
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract have cartilage?

A

Trachea and bronchi

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23
Q

Pressure of a gas

A

temp + conc

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24
Q

What is henrys law?

A

solubility x partial pressure

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25
Q

What’s more soluble, O2 or CO2?

A

CO2

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26
Q

What is the Cl shift?

A

HCO3 leaving the cell in exchange for Cl so more CO2 can enter

27
Q

What is the Haldane effect A?

A

How deoxy Hb buffers H

28
Q

What does Hb prefer to carry and when?

A

CO2 when its deoxy

29
Q

When does the curve shift left?

A

Increased pH, decrease CO2 and decreased temp

30
Q

What happens to air when it’s in the upper airways?

A

Water dilates it

31
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Having fluid in the lungs which removes surfactant and therefore decreases surface tension

32
Q

Why does CO2 conc lower from expiring?

A

It mixes with dead space which has fresh air

33
Q

Where does the coronary vein go?

A

Into the ventricle

34
Q

Where is the sternomastoid and scalene muscle?

A

Down the side of neck and then underneath it towards the back

35
Q

Name the accessory muscles (5)

A

Scalene, sternomastoid, pectorals, intercostals and abdominals

36
Q

What happens when air gets into pleura?

A

Lungs collapse as the chest wall expands

37
Q

What is the central tendon?

A

Where all the muscles align towards in the diaphragm

38
Q

Where is the aorta, vena cava and oesophagus?

A

Aorta passes to the left, the oesophagus is in the middle and the vena cava is on the right in the central tendon

39
Q

What happens to the negative of the pleura when breathing in?

A

Gets more negative

40
Q

What enzyme do the lungs make?

A

ACE enzyme to convert Ang1 to Ang2

41
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Everything that is not respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

42
Q

What increases physiological dead space so its no longer the same as anatomical?

A

When the alveoli stop working

43
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

Air that’s above the ERV

44
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

ERV + RV

45
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Above tidal volume

46
Q

How do bronchodilators work? (2)

A

Inhibit mast cells

Stop Ach release so mucus and muscles can’t contract

47
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

48
Q

What’s the advantage of drugs having an increased carbon chain length?

A

Increased bioavailability so not as much medication is needed to be taken

49
Q

How does the G protein cascade happen?

A

Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which then goes on to activate protein kinases

50
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

T4 and 5

51
Q

Where is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Top of rib hole

52
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal, costochondral (and where), costovertebral, costotransverse (and where) and where is the interchondral joint?

A 
Synovial
Primary cartilaginous- joins to the body 
Synovial 
Synovial- near vertebrae 
Ribs 6-10 joined to the joint cartilage
53
Q

What is the tubercle

A

A small lump on the rib

54
Q

Where is costal cartilage?

A

Joins rib to sternum

55
Q

Which direction do the external and internal muscles go?

A

External go into pockets and the internal do the opposite

56
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Internal, external and innermost

57
Q

When breathing in which muscles contract and relax?

A

External contract

58
Q

Which ribs are false?

A

1, 2, 10, 11 and 12

59
Q

What’s the bit that sticks down wards form the vertebrae?

A

Spinous process

60
Q

What joins the facets?

A

Pedicle

61
Q

Where are the 3 facets?

A

Inferior costal at the front, then superior articular and then transverse costal

62
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

Hole in the vertebrae

63
Q

What either side of the spinous process?

A

Transverse process

Year 1 Summative 2 (24 decks)

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