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Year 1 Summative 2 > BMS10 > Flashcards

BMS10 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the apex of the heart sit?

A

5th intercostal space

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2
Q

Which valve has a different amount of cusps?

A

Mitrial has 2 and the others have 3

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3
Q

What is the auricle?

A

Outpouch of the atria

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4
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

A

Diaphragmatic, anterior and pulmonary

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5
Q

What does the pericardium prevent?

A

Over filling of the heart

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6
Q

Where do cardiac veins drain?

A

Into the coronary sinus

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7
Q

What stops over dilation of valves?

A

The cardiac skeleton

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8
Q

Name the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

Pericardium (outer)
Visceral
Serous (inner)

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9
Q

What is the main factor in TPR?

A

Arterioles

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10
Q

Which type of circulation has lower pressure?

A

Pulmonary is lower than systemic

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11
Q

What is preload?

A

The filling of the heart

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12
Q

What is ohms law?

A

1= V / R

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13
Q

How do you calculate MAP?

A

D + (S-D)/3

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14
Q

What is darcys law?

A

That flow is proportional to resistance

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15
Q

How do calculations of series and parallel circuits differ?

A

Series you add but parallel you have to do the inverse of

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16
Q

What does plasmin do?

A

Break down clots

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17
Q

What does APC do?

A

Prevent blood from clotting by inhibiting the activation of plasminogen

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18
Q

Which blood type can accept anyone’s blood and why?

A

AB because they have no antibodies in plasma against A and or B

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19
Q

Which blood type can be given to anyone and why?

A

O as is doesn’t have any antigens able to trigger an immune response

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20
Q

What happens if you get given the wrong blood type?

A

You clot

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21
Q

What treats venous thrombosis? (2)

A

Anticoagulant

Fibrinolytics

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22
Q

Give an example of an antiplatelet

A

Aspirin

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23
Q

What do platelets also do?

A

Cause vasoconstriction

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24
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin to then join the platelets together

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25
Q

What does fibrin do?

A

Join the platelets together

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26
Q

What cross links fibrin?

A

Calcium

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27
Q

What forms thrombin?

A

Prothrombin

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28
Q

What is an arterial thrombi?

A

Fat aggregation

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29
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

Inability to clot

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30
Q

What can activate anti-thrombin?

A

Antithrombin

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31
Q

What is APS?

A

Abnormal clotting

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32
Q

What vitamin is needed to make prothrombin?

A

K

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33
Q

What does NO do in thrombosis?

A

Inhibit platelet aggregation

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34
Q

What is metabolic hyperaemia?

A

Build up of metabolites due to exersize

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35
Q

How do you calculate MABP?

A

CO x HR

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36
Q

Where are the stretch receptors?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

37
Q

How does the brain stem react when the baroreceptor reflex is activated? (2)

A

Increase CO

Decrease CVP and TPR

38
Q

When blood pressure changes what 4 other measurements change?

A

CO, SV, EDV, EDP

39
Q

What 5 measurements contribute to BP?

A

SV, HR, TPR, blood volume and CVP

40
Q

What is starlings law?

A

The more blood entering in diastole increasing the amount of blood leaving in systole

41
Q

What actives baroreceptors?

A

When standing there is a sudden drop in CVP, EDV and SV

42
Q

Which nervous system controls dilation etc. and why?

A

Sympathetic because it connects to most arterioles in the body

43
Q

Name the branches of the nervous systems

A

Central & Peripheral
Peripheral = Somatic & Autonomic
Autonomic = Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

44
Q

What hormones cause vasoconstriction/dilation?

A

Noradrenaline dilates

Adrenaline constricts

45
Q

Which hormone decreases heart rate?

A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

Which hormone increases heart rate?

A

Noradrenaline

47
Q

How does ang2 affect arteries?

A

Constrict

48
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Make histamine to dilate and make capillaries more leaky

49
Q

What has a higher affinity noradrenaline or adrenaline?

A

Noradrenaline

50
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Constrict vessels

51
Q

What does ANP do to vessels?

A

Dilate them

52
Q

What causes angina?

A

Heart not receiving enough oxygen

53
Q

What does myocardial infarction cause?

A

Death of heart muscle

54
Q

What does NO do?

A

Relax smooth muscle to vasodilate

55
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Vessels can’t dilate

56
Q

What causes oedema?

A

When the volume leaving capillaries is greater than the lymph can pick back up

57
Q

Where are arteriovenous anastomoses? Describe their structure

A

At extremities

Wide and muscular

58
Q

What’s the primary force oncotic or hydrostatic?

A

Hydrostatic

59
Q

What allows for heat loss?

A

Dermal venous plexus

60
Q

Give an example of where you could find fenestrated and discontinuous endothelium?

A

Kidneys

Spleen and liver

61
Q

What hormones alter heart rate? How do they do this?

A

Ach (increasing ion conductance) and beta blockers slow it

Noradrenaline make it faster by increasing ion conductance

62
Q

What is preload?

A

Filling pressure

63
Q

What is the primary force filling ventricles?

A

Elastic recoil

64
Q

What happens after decay time?

A

Action potential is initiated

65
Q

What is the haematocrit volume?

A

Volume of packed cells

66
Q

What are RBC precursors?

A

Normoblasts then reticulocytes

67
Q

What are platelets?

A

ER ejections

68
Q

What do lymphocytes mature?

A

Thyroid

69
Q

Name 2 leukocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

70
Q

Describe the megakaryocyte nuclei

A

Single and irregular

71
Q

What branch do neutrophils and monocytes come under?

A

Phagocyte

72
Q

Describe the leukocytes nucleus?

A

Mono

73
Q

Name all the granulocytes and the type of nucleus they have

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Multi lobes

74
Q

What do albumins do?

A

Make things more soluble

75
Q

What cell are mast cells related do?

A

Basophils

76
Q

What encases fibres?

A

Fasicle

77
Q

Where do you find myoepithelial muscle?

A

Glands

78
Q

What forms when many myoblasts fuse?

A

Myosin

79
Q

Which type of muscle is the only one able to respond to hormones?

A

Smooth

80
Q

Is lub or dub louder?

A

Lub

81
Q

What do P, T and QRS mean?

A

P: atrial depolarisation
QRS: ventricle depolarises
T: ventricle repolarises

82
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Forms vessels from existing capillaries

83
Q

What makes fenestrations in the capillaries?

A

Diaphragms cover the holes

84
Q

What joins arteries and veins?

A

Arteriovenous shunts

85
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

Rib 4 and 5

86
Q

What does hemizygous drain into?

A

From the left into the azygous which is on the right

87
Q

Where does the aorta emerge?

A

Behind the diaphragm at T12

88
Q

Name the 3 branches from the aorta

A

Common carotid
Subclavian
Branchiocephalic

Year 1 Summative 2 (24 decks)

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