BMS10 Flashcards
Where does the apex of the heart sit?
5th intercostal space
Which valve has a different amount of cusps?
Mitrial has 2 and the others have 3
What is the auricle?
Outpouch of the atria
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?
Diaphragmatic, anterior and pulmonary
What does the pericardium prevent?
Over filling of the heart
Where do cardiac veins drain?
Into the coronary sinus
What stops over dilation of valves?
The cardiac skeleton
Name the 3 layers of the pericardium
Pericardium (outer)
Visceral
Serous (inner)
What is the main factor in TPR?
Arterioles
Which type of circulation has lower pressure?
Pulmonary is lower than systemic
What is preload?
The filling of the heart
What is ohms law?
1= V / R
How do you calculate MAP?
D + (S-D)/3
What is darcys law?
That flow is proportional to resistance
How do calculations of series and parallel circuits differ?
Series you add but parallel you have to do the inverse of
What does plasmin do?
Break down clots
What does APC do?
Prevent blood from clotting by inhibiting the activation of plasminogen
Which blood type can accept anyone’s blood and why?
AB because they have no antibodies in plasma against A and or B
Which blood type can be given to anyone and why?
O as is doesn’t have any antigens able to trigger an immune response
What happens if you get given the wrong blood type?
You clot
What treats venous thrombosis? (2)
Anticoagulant
Fibrinolytics
Give an example of an antiplatelet
Aspirin
What do platelets also do?
Cause vasoconstriction
What does thrombin do?
Convert fibrinogen to fibrin to then join the platelets together
What does fibrin do?
Join the platelets together
What cross links fibrin?
Calcium
What forms thrombin?
Prothrombin
What is an arterial thrombi?
Fat aggregation
What is haemophilia?
Inability to clot
What can activate anti-thrombin?
Antithrombin
What is APS?
Abnormal clotting
What vitamin is needed to make prothrombin?
K
What does NO do in thrombosis?
Inhibit platelet aggregation
What is metabolic hyperaemia?
Build up of metabolites due to exersize
How do you calculate MABP?
CO x HR
Where are the stretch receptors?
Aortic arch and carotid sinus
How does the brain stem react when the baroreceptor reflex is activated? (2)
Increase CO
Decrease CVP and TPR
When blood pressure changes what 4 other measurements change?
CO, SV, EDV, EDP
What 5 measurements contribute to BP?
SV, HR, TPR, blood volume and CVP
What is starlings law?
The more blood entering in diastole increasing the amount of blood leaving in systole
What actives baroreceptors?
When standing there is a sudden drop in CVP, EDV and SV
Which nervous system controls dilation etc. and why?
Sympathetic because it connects to most arterioles in the body
Name the branches of the nervous systems
Central & Peripheral
Peripheral = Somatic & Autonomic
Autonomic = Parasympathetic & Sympathetic
What hormones cause vasoconstriction/dilation?
Noradrenaline dilates
Adrenaline constricts
Which hormone decreases heart rate?
Acetylcholine
Which hormone increases heart rate?
Noradrenaline
How does ang2 affect arteries?
Constrict
What do mast cells do?
Make histamine to dilate and make capillaries more leaky
What has a higher affinity noradrenaline or adrenaline?
Noradrenaline
What does vasopressin do?
Constrict vessels
What does ANP do to vessels?
Dilate them
What causes angina?
Heart not receiving enough oxygen
What does myocardial infarction cause?
Death of heart muscle
What does NO do?
Relax smooth muscle to vasodilate
What is stenosis?
Vessels can’t dilate
What causes oedema?
When the volume leaving capillaries is greater than the lymph can pick back up
Where are arteriovenous anastomoses? Describe their structure
At extremities
Wide and muscular
What’s the primary force oncotic or hydrostatic?
Hydrostatic
What allows for heat loss?
Dermal venous plexus
Give an example of where you could find fenestrated and discontinuous endothelium?
Kidneys
Spleen and liver
What hormones alter heart rate? How do they do this?
Ach (increasing ion conductance) and beta blockers slow it
Noradrenaline make it faster by increasing ion conductance
What is preload?
Filling pressure
What is the primary force filling ventricles?
Elastic recoil
What happens after decay time?
Action potential is initiated
What is the haematocrit volume?
Volume of packed cells
What are RBC precursors?
Normoblasts then reticulocytes
What are platelets?
ER ejections
What do lymphocytes mature?
Thyroid
Name 2 leukocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Describe the megakaryocyte nuclei
Single and irregular
What branch do neutrophils and monocytes come under?
Phagocyte
Describe the leukocytes nucleus?
Mono
Name all the granulocytes and the type of nucleus they have
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Multi lobes
What do albumins do?
Make things more soluble
What cell are mast cells related do?
Basophils
What encases fibres?
Fasicle
Where do you find myoepithelial muscle?
Glands
What forms when many myoblasts fuse?
Myosin
Which type of muscle is the only one able to respond to hormones?
Smooth
Is lub or dub louder?
Lub
What do P, T and QRS mean?
P: atrial depolarisation
QRS: ventricle depolarises
T: ventricle repolarises
What is angiogenesis?
Forms vessels from existing capillaries
What makes fenestrations in the capillaries?
Diaphragms cover the holes
What joins arteries and veins?
Arteriovenous shunts
Where is the sternal angle?
Rib 4 and 5
What does hemizygous drain into?
From the left into the azygous which is on the right
Where does the aorta emerge?
Behind the diaphragm at T12
Name the 3 branches from the aorta
Common carotid
Subclavian
Branchiocephalic
