BMS03 Flashcards
What hyperpolarises neurones?
Chlorine ions
What’s binds to nicotinic receptors?
2 ach
What does Botox do?
Stop Ach
What does the somatic NS control?
Skeletal muscles (voluntary)
What does salbutamol do?
Agonist of B2 for asthma
What does cocaine do?
Block uptake channels
What is more widespread SNS or PNS?
SNS
Describe the second messenger model which is not cAMP
G protein binds to PIP when the receptor is activated which is converted to DAG and when this happens IP3 is given off
What does botox do?
Stop ach
What does NANC mean?
Non adrenergic, non cholinergic
What is the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary muscles
What messenger model does M3 use?
DAG
What messenger model does M2 use and do?
cAMP
The heart
What messenger model does A1 use?
DAG
What messenger model does A2 use?
cAMP
What modulates the ENS? What receptors do they use?
PNS and SNS
NANC
What must bind a nicotinic receptor?
2 Ach
What does salbutamol do?
Bind B2 receptors to help with asthma
What does propranolol do?
Decrease BP and HR by blocking the beta adrenergic receptor
What is an agonist VS antagonist?
Agonist binds the receptor and activates it while an antagonist binds the receptor but does not activate it
What does kd mean?
The affinity when a drug occupies half of all receptors
Low means high affinity
Efficacy VS affinity
Affinity is how well it binds
Efficacy is how well it activates the receptor
What do anaesthetics do?
Block Na
In general what do B1, 2 and 3 each control?
Heart, airway and bladder
What is EC50?
Concentration of a drug giving 50% response
What’s the difference between type 1 and 2 twitches?
Type 1 is a slow mechanical response to an impulse while type 2 is fast
What is tetany?
Many twitches
What makes the twitches become fused?
Build up of calcium
What’s the difference between special and temporal summation?
Temporal is when one neurons releases lots and lots of impulses overtime
Spatial is when multiple neurons all release NT to cause one action potential
What do synergist muscles do?
Stop unwanted movement
Describe the layout of the peri, endo and epineurium?
Epi surrounds many circles which are lined with peri and filled with endo
What is grey matter?
Cell bodies
What do glia do?
Stick the CNS together
What are Schmidt lanterman cells?
Uncompacted myelin
What are nissl bodies?
RER
Which kid of axons have lower resistance?
Large ones
What does myelin do?
Decrease the amount of charge stored in the membrane
Where is myelin found? (2)
Central and peripheral NS
What are pennate muscles built for?
Power
What do fixator muscles do?
Put the body in the best position for the desired movement
Name the 3 shapes of muscle
Strap, fusiform and fan
What do tendon sheaths do?
Offset heat made due to fiction
What are the 3 types of tendons?
Raphe, aponeurosis and intermediate
What happens at an insulin receptor?
The receptor dimerises by phosphorylation
RTK is activated which activates RAS which then activates a cascade of MAP kinases
What does IP3 cause?
Calcium release
What are ramus?
Branches of nerves
Name the 4 types of vertebra
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
What makes up the SNS?
T1-L2
What makes up the PNS?
Cranial and S2-S4
Which NS has a longer peripheral axon?
PNS
Which types of nerves have the ganglia in the CNS?
Sensory
What are ganglia?
A number of cell bodies forming a swelling
What is white matter?
Myelinated neurons
Which NS has motor neurons?
ANS
What nerves have synapses?
Motor
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Form myelin
What do microglia do?
Infection control
What do astrocytes do?
Metabolic support
What do ependymal cells do?
Line
Where are satellite and schwann cells?
SNS and PNS
Peripheral
