Respiration 1

Question 1

What is internal respiration?

Answer 1

Cellular processes within the cells

Question 2

What is external respiration?

Answer 2

Ventilation
Exchange and transport

Question 3

What mechanism of transport does respiration rely on?

Answer 3

Diffusion (high to low conc)

Question 4

Which side of the respiratory system is under high pressure?

Answer 4

Left

Question 5

What is pulmonary diffusion?

Answer 5

Exchange of gases within the lungs

Question 6

Describe the overall respiratory system

Answer 6

O2 moves down a conc gradient into the blood ->
O2 binds to haemoglobin ->
Oxyhaemoglobin is pumped round systemic circulation ->
O2 moves down conc gradient into capillary membrane and tissues ->
CO2 is carried into the blood as a bicarbonate to the right side of the heart

Question 7

What are the 2 sections of the lungs?

Answer 7

The conducting zone
The respiratory zone

Question 8

What is in the conducting zone?

Answer 8

Nose
Nasopharynx
(Mouth) Oropharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree

Question 9

What is in the respiratory zone?

Answer 9

Alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveolar air spaces

Question 10

What is the function of the conducting zone?

Answer 10

Filtering
Warming
Humidifying

Question 11

Describe the structure of bronchial wall

Answer 11

Reinforced with rings of cartilage
Smooth muscle around the lumen
Epithelial cell layer
Goblet cells
Mucus glands
Elastic tissue in walls of airways

Question 12

What is the respiratory epithelium composed of?

Answer 12

Ciliated epithelia
Goblet cells
Sensory nerve endings

Question 13

Where does the respiratory epithelium end?

Answer 13

At the alveolar ducts

Question 14

Function of nerve endings in the respiratory epithelium

Answer 14

Identify noxious substances

Question 15

Describe the structure of bronchioles

Answer 15

Thick smooth muscle
Lack cartilage
Lined by respiratory epithelium

Question 16

Describe the structure of alveoli

Answer 16

Large surface area
Extremely thin walls
In close arrangement of capillary network

Question 17

What is the air blood barrier?

Answer 17

A ‘sandwich’ created by flattened cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte and the capillary wall

Question 18

What is the function of a type 1 pneumocyte?

Answer 18

The site for gas exchange

Question 19

What is the function of a type 2 pneumocyte?

Answer 19

Responsible for production of surfactant

Question 20

What are the 2 ventilation processes?

Answer 20

Inspiration
Expiration

Question 21

What is the pressure gradient during inspiration?

Answer 21

P atmos > P alv

Question 22

What is the pressure gradient during expiration?

Answer 22

P alv > P atmos

Question 23

What is quiet inspiration?

Answer 23

Involving the primary muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)
- Increases thoracic and lung volume

Question 24

Explain Boyle’s law

Answer 24

Increase in volume = reduction in pressure

Question 25

What is forced inspiration?

Answer 25

Accessory muscles are used Scalene in neck contracts and pulls the sternum and ribcage up and out causing chest expansion

Question 26

What type of process is quiet expiration?

Answer 26

Passive process using elastic recoil

Question 27

What type of process is forced expiration?

Answer 27

An active process where internal intercostal muscles contract the ribcage

Question 28

What is the function of the Pleura?

Answer 28

Prevents lungs from sticking to chest wall Enables free expansion and collapse of lungs

Question 29

Where is the first pleural membrane?

Answer 29

Outside the lungs

Question 30

Where is the second pleural membrane?

Answer 30

Lines inside the chest wall

Question 31

What is the pressure in a pleural membrane?

Answer 31

Slightly subatmostpheric to allow lungs to expand

Question 32

What happens to the lungs at rest?

Answer 32

Inward and outward forces balance Lungs have an inward space which pulls inner membrane forwards Chest wall expands outwardly

Question 33

What causes pneumothorax (collapsed lung)?

Answer 33

Imbalance of pressures Air can enter intrapleural space so outward effect is lost and elastic nature of lungs takes over