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Phys, pharm > Respiration 1 > Flashcards

Respiration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Cellular processes within the cells

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Ventilation
Exchange and transport

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3
Q

What mechanism of transport does respiration rely on?

A

Diffusion (high to low conc)

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4
Q

Which side of the respiratory system is under high pressure?

A

Left

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5
Q

What is pulmonary diffusion?

A

Exchange of gases within the lungs

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6
Q

Describe the overall respiratory system

A

O2 moves down a conc gradient into the blood ->
O2 binds to haemoglobin ->
Oxyhaemoglobin is pumped round systemic circulation ->
O2 moves down conc gradient into capillary membrane and tissues ->
CO2 is carried into the blood as a bicarbonate to the right side of the heart

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7
Q

What are the 2 sections of the lungs?

A

The conducting zone
The respiratory zone

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8
Q

What is in the conducting zone?

A

Nose
Nasopharynx
(Mouth) Oropharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree

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9
Q

What is in the respiratory zone?

A

Alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveolar air spaces

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10
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Filtering
Warming
Humidifying

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11
Q

Describe the structure of bronchial wall

A

Reinforced with rings of cartilage
Smooth muscle around the lumen
Epithelial cell layer
Goblet cells
Mucus glands
Elastic tissue in walls of airways

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12
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium composed of?

A

Ciliated epithelia
Goblet cells
Sensory nerve endings

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13
Q

Where does the respiratory epithelium end?

A

At the alveolar ducts

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14
Q

Function of nerve endings in the respiratory epithelium

A

Identify noxious substances

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15
Q

Describe the structure of bronchioles

A

Thick smooth muscle
Lack cartilage
Lined by respiratory epithelium

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16
Q

Describe the structure of alveoli

A

Large surface area
Extremely thin walls
In close arrangement of capillary network

17
Q

What is the air blood barrier?

A

A ‘sandwich’ created by flattened cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte and the capillary wall

18
Q

What is the function of a type 1 pneumocyte?

A

The site for gas exchange

19
Q

What is the function of a type 2 pneumocyte?

A

Responsible for production of surfactant

20
Q

What are the 2 ventilation processes?

A

Inspiration
Expiration

21
Q

What is the pressure gradient during inspiration?

A

P atmos > P alv

22
Q

What is the pressure gradient during expiration?

A

P alv > P atmos

23
Q

What is quiet inspiration?

A

Involving the primary muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)
- Increases thoracic and lung volume

24
Q

Explain Boyle’s law

A

Increase in volume = reduction in pressure

25
Q

What is forced inspiration?

A

Accessory muscles are used
Scalene in neck contracts and pulls the sternum and ribcage up and out causing chest expansion

26
Q

What type of process is quiet expiration?

A

Passive process using elastic recoil

27
Q

What type of process is forced expiration?

A

An active process where internal intercostal muscles contract the ribcage

28
Q

What is the function of the Pleura?

A

Prevents lungs from sticking to chest wall
Enables free expansion and collapse of lungs

29
Q

Where is the first pleural membrane?

A

Outside the lungs

30
Q

Where is the second pleural membrane?

A

Lines inside the chest wall

31
Q

What is the pressure in a pleural membrane?

A

Slightly subatmostpheric to allow lungs to expand

32
Q

What happens to the lungs at rest?

A

Inward and outward forces balance
Lungs have an inward space which pulls inner membrane forwards
Chest wall expands outwardly

33
Q

What causes pneumothorax (collapsed lung)?

A

Imbalance of pressures
Air can enter intrapleural space so outward effect is lost and elastic nature of lungs takes over

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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