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Phys, pharm > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system mediated by?

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Where are receptors found?

A

Cell surface
Cytosol
Nucleus

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3
Q

Structure of a thyroid gland?

A

Bow tie shape

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4
Q

What is the extracellular fluid stored in thyroid follicular cells?

A

Colloid

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5
Q

What role does iodine play in thyroid gland?

A

Required for the production of essential hormones (T4 to T3)

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6
Q

Where are hormones T4 and T3 produced and stored?

A

Produced in follicular cells
Stored extracellularly as a prohormone in colloid

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7
Q

Function of thyroid gland?

A

Regulation of transcription of proteins

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8
Q

What are the hormone effects mediated by?

A

Nuclear receptors

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9
Q

What are the consequences of hypothyroidism?

A

Patient will be overweight

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10
Q

What peptide does the parathyroid gland synthesise and secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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11
Q

What does PTH target?

A

Bones
GI system
Kidneys

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12
Q

What does PTH regulate?

A

Plasma level of calcium and phosphate

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13
Q

Where is the location of PT glands?

A

Posterior side of the thyroid gland

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14
Q

If there is a low level of calcium, what is the effect of PTH?

A

More PTH will be secreted

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15
Q

What are the 2 subsections of the adrenal gland?

A

The adrenal cortex
The adrenal medulla

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16
Q

Function of adrenal cortex?

A

Releases steroid hormones

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17
Q

What are 2 steroid hormones the adrenal cortex releases?

A

Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

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18
Q

What cells release adrenaline?

A

Chromaffin cells

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19
Q

What hormone does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

20
Q

What cells are mineralocorticoid released from?

A

Zona glomerulosa

21
Q

What cells are glucocorticoids released from?

A

Zona fasciculata

22
Q

What blood vessel does glucocorticoid travel in?

A

Medulla vein

23
Q

What hormone do developing cells in the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

24
Q

Function of oestrogen?

A

Stimulates cell proliferation of endrometrium

25
Q

Function of progesterone?

A

Stimulates maturation and secretion of tissues

26
Q

What hormone spikes prior to ovulation?

A

LH

27
Q

When does progesterone spike?

A

After ovulation in the secretory phase

28
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells in the testes

29
Q

Function of the testes?

A

Stimulate protein synthesis leading to development and growth
Produces testosterone
Produces male gametes

30
Q

When do plasma testosterone levels spike?

A

At around 3 months after fertilization
At puberty (age 10ish)

31
Q

What do beta cells in the endocrine pancreas release?

A

Insulin

32
Q

What do alpha cells in the endocrine pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon

33
Q

Where are glucagon and insulin released into?

A

Portal blood

34
Q

What do glucagon and insulin influence/target?

A

The liver

35
Q

Where are beta and alpha cells in the endocrine pancreas?

A

In the islets of Langerhans

36
Q

Where is the adenohypophysis located?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary

37
Q

Where does adenohypophysis develop from?

A

From an upward projection of the pharynx

38
Q

Where is neurohypophysis located?

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

39
Q

Where does neurohypophysis develop from?

A

A downward projection of the brain

40
Q

How are troph cells stimulated?

A

By releasing hormones from small diameter neurons of the hypothalamus

41
Q

Where are hormones released from in neurohypophysis?

A

large diameter neurons into the systemic circulation

42
Q

What hormones are released by neurohypophysis?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

43
Q

Function of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Stops urination to maintain water in the body

44
Q

Function of oxytocin?

A

Contraction of uterus
Hormone of love

45
Q

Function of trophic hormones?

A

stimulating effect on other hormones

46
Q

Function of the hypothalamus?

A

Links neural activity to whole body function

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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