Endocrine system

Question 1

What is the endocrine system mediated by?

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

Where are receptors found?

Answer 2

Cell surface
Cytosol
Nucleus

Question 3

Structure of a thyroid gland?

Answer 3

Bow tie shape

Question 4

What is the extracellular fluid stored in thyroid follicular cells?

Answer 4

Colloid

Question 5

What role does iodine play in thyroid gland?

Answer 5

Required for the production of essential hormones (T4 to T3)

Question 6

Where are hormones T4 and T3 produced and stored?

Answer 6

Produced in follicular cells
Stored extracellularly as a prohormone in colloid

Question 7

Function of thyroid gland?

Answer 7

Regulation of transcription of proteins

Question 8

What are the hormone effects mediated by?

Answer 8

Nuclear receptors

Question 9

What are the consequences of hypothyroidism?

Answer 9

Patient will be overweight

Question 10

What peptide does the parathyroid gland synthesise and secrete?

Answer 10

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 11

What does PTH target?

Answer 11

Bones
GI system
Kidneys

Question 12

What does PTH regulate?

Answer 12

Plasma level of calcium and phosphate

Question 13

Where is the location of PT glands?

Answer 13

Posterior side of the thyroid gland

Question 14

If there is a low level of calcium, what is the effect of PTH?

Answer 14

More PTH will be secreted

Question 15

What are the 2 subsections of the adrenal gland?

Answer 15

The adrenal cortex
The adrenal medulla

Question 16

Function of adrenal cortex?

Answer 16

Releases steroid hormones

Question 17

What are 2 steroid hormones the adrenal cortex releases?

Answer 17

Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

Question 18

What cells release adrenaline?

Answer 18

Chromaffin cells

Question 19

What hormone does the adrenal medulla release?

Answer 19

Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Question 20

What cells are mineralocorticoid released from?

Answer 20

Zona glomerulosa

Question 21

What cells are glucocorticoids released from?

Answer 21

Zona fasciculata

Question 22

What blood vessel does glucocorticoid travel in?

Answer 22

Medulla vein

Question 23

What hormone do developing cells in the ovaries produce?

Answer 23

Oestrogen and Progesterone

Question 24

Function of oestrogen?

Answer 24

Stimulates cell proliferation of endrometrium

Question 25

Function of progesterone?

Answer 25

Stimulates maturation and secretion of tissues

Question 26

What hormone spikes prior to ovulation?

Answer 26

LH

Question 27

When does progesterone spike?

Answer 27

After ovulation in the secretory phase

Question 28

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 28

Leydig cells in the testes

Question 29

Function of the testes?

Answer 29

Stimulate protein synthesis leading to development and growth Produces testosterone Produces male gametes

Question 30

When do plasma testosterone levels spike?

Answer 30

At around 3 months after fertilization At puberty (age 10ish)

Question 31

What do beta cells in the endocrine pancreas release?

Answer 31

Insulin

Question 32

What do alpha cells in the endocrine pancreas produce?

Answer 32

Glucagon

Question 33

Where are glucagon and insulin released into?

Answer 33

Portal blood

Question 34

What do glucagon and insulin influence/target?

Answer 34

The liver

Question 35

Where are beta and alpha cells in the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 35

In the islets of Langerhans

Question 36

Where is the adenohypophysis located?

Answer 36

Anterior lobe of the pituitary

Question 37

Where does adenohypophysis develop from?

Answer 37

From an upward projection of the pharynx

Question 38

Where is neurohypophysis located?

Answer 38

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

Question 39

Where does neurohypophysis develop from?

Answer 39

A downward projection of the brain

Question 40

How are troph cells stimulated?

Answer 40

By releasing hormones from small diameter neurons of the hypothalamus

Question 41

Where are hormones released from in neurohypophysis?

Answer 41

large diameter neurons into the systemic circulation

Question 42

What hormones are released by neurohypophysis?

Answer 42

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 43

Function of antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 43

Stops urination to maintain water in the body

Question 44

Function of oxytocin?

Answer 44

Contraction of uterus Hormone of love

Question 45

Function of trophic hormones?

Answer 45

stimulating effect on other hormones

Question 46

Function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 46

Links neural activity to whole body function