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Phys, pharm > Female reproductive system > Flashcards

Female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of female reproductive system

A

Produce haploid gametes
Facilitate fertilisation
Site for implantation of embryo
Physical and nutritional needs to nurture the neonate after birth

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2
Q

What connects ovaries to the uterus?

A

The fallopian tubes

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3
Q

What steroid hormones do follicular cells secrete?

A

Granulosa - 17beta- oestradiol
Theca- progesterone

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4
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

Developing eggs enclosed in a follicle

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5
Q

How does smooth muscle aid the movement of an egg in the fallopian tube?

A

Via peristalsis

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6
Q

What in the fallopian cells captures the eggs?

A

Fimbrae

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7
Q

What is the structure of a fallopian tube?

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle layer
Circular smooth muscle layer
Highly folded mucosa- ciliated and secretory cells

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8
Q

What is the structure of a fallopian tube?

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle layer
Circular smooth muscle layer
Highly folded mucosa- ciliated and secretory cells

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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10
Q

What layer of the uterus changes throughout the month?

A

Endometrium

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the endometrium

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells
Lamina propria
Compound tubular glands
Spiral arteries

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12
Q

Where do the spiral cells in the uterus spiral through?

A

Spiral arteries spiral through the lamina propria

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13
Q

What connects the uterus to the vagina?

A

The cervical canal

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14
Q

What do cervical glands secrete to prevent microbes?

A

Mucus

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15
Q

How long is the birth canal?

A

8-10cm

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the vaginal wall

A

Adventia
Muscularis
Mucosa

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17
Q

What epithelium is in the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What specialisation does the stratified squamous epithelium in the vagina contain?

A

Walls are rich in glycogen which is fermented into lactic acid to inhibit pathogens

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19
Q

What pH is the vagina?

A

3.5-4

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20
Q

What are the 2 neuroendocrine cycles?

A

Ovarian
Endometrial

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21
Q

What drives the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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22
Q

What releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamic neurons

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23
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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24
Q

What does G-protein coupled GnRH receptor signalling cause?

A

Results in exocytosis of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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25
Q

What cells does LH activate?

A

Theca cells

26
Q

What cells do FSH activate?

A

Granulosa cells

27
Q

What do active theca cells release?

A

Progesterone

28
Q

What do active granulosa cells release?

A

Oestrogen and some progesterone

29
Q

What will the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis produce?

A

Mature gametes

30
Q

What receptors does GnRH bind to? Where?

A

Receptors on gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary

31
Q

What are ovarian steroid hormones synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol by ovarian follicular theca cells and granulosa cells

32
Q

Function of oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Develop the ovum
Maintain the corpus luteum
Maintain pregnancy

33
Q

Are LH and FSH stimulatory or inhibitory in the pathway of cholesterol to 17beta oestradiol?

A

Stimulatory

34
Q

What feedback mechanism is used for 17 beta oestradiol?

A

Negative throughout the cycle
- except prior to ovulation when it is positive

35
Q

Describe the follicular phase via feedback mechanisms

A

Oestrogen acts on the hypothalamus via negative feedback.
Hypothalamus wont be stimulating pituitary so will downregulate FSH and LH.

36
Q

Describe the luteal phase via feedback mechanisms

A

Progesterone has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus

37
Q

Describe the midcycle.

A

Follicular cell proliferation
- Oestradiol rises to critical level
- -ve feedback on GnRH changes to +ve feedback
- FSH and LH are upregulated
- Maturation of oocyte

38
Q

What is the egg called when it leaves the ovary?

A

Corpus luteum

39
Q

What is the level of FSH and LH in the follicular phase?

A

High

40
Q

Function of the follicular phase

A

Increase growth of follicles
Increases oestradiol causes proliferation in endometrial layer

41
Q

When does the follicular phase switch to the luteal phase?

A

When upregulation of LH causes ovulation

42
Q

Describe the luteal phase

A

Progesterone is secreted which promotes endometrial gland formation.
If no fertilisation by 22 days, corpus luteum degenerates and functional layer is lost

43
Q

Describe oogenesis.

A

Formation of eggs

44
Q

By what process are oogonia produced?

A

Mitosis by primordial germ cells

45
Q

By what process are primary oocytes produced?

A

Prophase of meiosis

46
Q

How are oocytes release?

A

Alternating release from left to right ovum every month

47
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

The development of the follicle to a mature egg and finally a corpus luetum

48
Q

What are the stages of folliculogenesis?

A

Primary oocyte ->
Secondary oocyte ->
Graafian oocyte ->
Ovulation of oocyte ->
Corpus luteum or Corpus albican

49
Q

When would an oocyte progress to a corpus luteum?

A

If the ovulated oocyte is fertilised

50
Q

When would an oocyte progress to a corpus albican?

A

If the ovulated egg isn’t fertilised

51
Q

What does the second meiotic division produce in folliculogenesis?

A

A haploid ovum

52
Q

Where is the secondary oocyte?

A

In the fallopian tube

53
Q

What do 17 beta oestradiol and progesterone control in the endometrial cycle?

A

Changes in the endometrium
Feedback regulation of FSH and LH from pituitary
Changes in the cervix and vagina

54
Q

Describe the follicular phase in terms of cervical mucus

A

The cervix secretes mucus (regulated by 17 beta oestradiol) which creates channels to propel sperm

55
Q

Describe the secretory phase in terms of cervical mucus

A

Progesterone decreases and the mucus becomes thick to actively block sperm

56
Q

Describe the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle

A

Oestrogen is dominant, LH has a rapid spike
- The wall becomes thick and stable
- The functional layer is built and then shed
- Zona basalis isn’t shed

57
Q

Describe the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle

A

Following ovulation, Progesterone is dominant
- Thickness of endometrium decreases
- The glands increase mucus
- The stroma becomes oedematous
- Spiral arteries elongate and coil
- Ends in menses

58
Q

Describe the mechanism of hormonal contraceptives

A

Feedback on the hypothalamus downregulates GnRH secretion
-> Inhibits feedback on anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH and LH
-> No folliculogenesis or ovulation will occur

59
Q

How is progastrin affected by hormonal contraception?

A

Affects cervical mucus and fallopian tube motility
Cuts down on endometrial glycogen, inhibiting the support of embryonic growth

60
Q

Describe the mechanism behind the morning after pill

A

1 - Alters the endometrium so the egg cant embed itself
2 - Thickens the mucus to prevent sperm reaching the uterus
3- Stops ovulation by release of hormones

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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