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Phys, pharm > Pregnancy, Parturition and lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy, Parturition and lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla

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2
Q

What connects the fimbriae and ampulla to the uterus?

A

The isthmus

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3
Q

What is surrounded by granulosa cells?

A

The oocyte

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4
Q

How do cilia and smooth muscle aid fertilisation?

A

The oocyte has to travel through a physical gap between the fimbriae and the ovary.
Cilia and smooth muscle aid the gap jump

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5
Q

Describe sperm capacitation in the female reproductive system

A

Attachment of the acrosome to attachment proteins on the egg
Membrane of sperm and oocyte fuse
Penetration causes an increase of calcium

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6
Q

What does the increase in calcium levels trigger in sperm capacitation?

A

Triggers the second mitotic division

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7
Q

What attachment proteins does the acrosome attach to?

A

ZP3 (zona pellucida 3)

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8
Q

Function of the oocyte cortical reaction?

A

Penetration to trigger the second meiotic division
Prevents polyploidy

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9
Q

What does haploid pronuclei fusion form?

A

A diploid zygote

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10
Q

Describe pre-implantation.

A

Conceptus in the oviduct, undergoing mitosis, lasts 3 days ->
Morula is formed after 3 days (solid mass of 12 cells) ->
Morula forms a blastocyst ->
Blastocyst become implanted after 6 days

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11
Q

Function of trophectoderm?

A

Forms further structures in embryo

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12
Q

Function of the fluid filled inner mass?

A

The inner mass becomes the embryo

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13
Q

What are the stages of endometrium invasion?

A
  1. Hatching
  2. Apposition
  3. Adhesion
  4. Invasion
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14
Q

What are the stages of endometrium invasion?

A
  1. Hatching
  2. Apposition
  3. Adhesion
  4. Invasion
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15
Q

Describe the stages of endometrium invasion

A
  1. Hatching
    - Zona pellucida disintegrates
  2. Apposition
    - Cell bodies line up alongside endometrial tissue
  3. Adhesion
    - Integrin proteins attach between maternal and endometrial tissue and the conceptus
  4. Invasion
    - The blastocyst outer layer invades endometrial tissue to form the inner cytotrophoblast and the outer syncytiotrophoblast
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16
Q

How is the decidua formed?

A

The blastocyst promotes endometrial stromal cells to form decidua (predecidualisation)

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17
Q

What does the decidua contain?

A

Glands and immune cells
Blood and lymph vessels
Glycogen for nourishment

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18
Q

Function of the decidua?

A

Reduces inflammation
Decreases rejection of the allogenic embryo

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19
Q

When does the placenta form?

A

After attachment of embryo in the uterus

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20
Q

What structure do cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast form?

A

Villi and microvilli projecting into the maternal blood

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21
Q

What is maternal and foetal blood separated by in mature placenta?

A

Foetal capillary endothelium
Mesenchyme
Cytotrophoblasts
Syncytiotrophoblast

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22
Q

Why does the placenta contain fluid-filled cavities?

A

The cavities fill with blood and cause a reduction in the force and velocity of pulsile blood from the mother

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23
Q

How is glucose transported from maternal to foetal blood?

A

Facilitated diffusion

24
Q

How are amino acids transported from maternal to foetal blood?

A

2nd degree active transport

25
Q

How are vitamins transported from maternal to foetal blood?

A

Active transport

26
Q

How are LDL, hormone and antibodies transported from maternal to foetal blood?

A

By receptor mediated endocytosis

27
Q

What is oxygen exchange between maternal and foetal blood facilitated by?

A

Foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

28
Q

What is lacune?

A

Blood collected into venules to form veins without a capillary phase

29
Q

How are creatinine and waste urea transported from foetus to mother?

A

Diffusion from amniotic fluid, removed by maternal blood

30
Q

What are the changes in hormones during trimester 1?

A

HCG is at its highest on day 8, stimulates production of progesterone, oestrogen and prolactin (stimulate corpus luteum)
LH rescues the corpus luteum

31
Q

What are the hormonal changes in trimester 2 and 3?

A

HCG coordinates glucose to FA, ketone storage and mammary gland development.
Progesterone synthesised from circulatory cholesterol
Oestrogen synthesises foetal placenta

32
Q

How is progesterone synthesised in the foetus?

A

Cholesterol moves into the placenta ->
Cholesterol turns into pregnenolone ->
Pregnenolone turns into progesterone in the placenta and then moves into the foetus

33
Q

How is estriol synthesised?

A

Cholesterol from the mother moves into the placenta ->
Cholesterol turns into pregnenolone ->
Pregnenolone transfers into the foetus ->
The foetal adrenal gland catalyses pregnenolone to DHEA-sulfate ->
The foetal live catalyses DHEA-sulfate to 16-OH-DHEA-sulfate ->
This transfers back to the placenta as estriol

34
Q

What is the parturition stage 0?

A

From conception to initiation of parturition

35
Q

Describe what happens in parturition stage 0.

A

Uterus relaxes and is insensitive to uterotonic hormones
Progesterone supresses myometrial contractions
Braxton hicks contractions occur

36
Q

When can Braxton hicks contractions take place?

A

Once the uterus has reached a critical size

37
Q

What is parturition stage 1?

A

Preparation for birth, prior to labour

38
Q

What happens in parturition stage 1?

A

Upregulating HP adrenal axis causes a cortisol release ->
This upregulates oestrogen and progesterone ratio, increasing contractility of myometrium ->
Oestrogen stimulates the release of prostaglandin

39
Q

Function of prostaglandin

A

Promotes gap junction formation

40
Q

What happens to the cervix during parturition stage 1?

A

The cervix softens, thins and dilates

41
Q

What genes are expressed during parturition stage 1?

A

Contraction associated proteins give muscle tone to the uterus and has receptors for oxytocin

42
Q

What enzymes are released during cervical gene expression?

A

Enzymes that hydrolyse collagen matrix to soften

43
Q

What is parturition stage 2?

A

Stimulation/labour/birth

44
Q

Function of oxytocin during stage 2 parturition?

A

Causes contractions

45
Q

What are the stages of labour and delivery?

A
  1. Dilation
    - Pelvic ligaments relax, softening and widening
  2. Expulsion of foetus
    - Oxytocin levels increase
  3. Placental
    - Placenta detaches from decidua
46
Q

What is parturition stage 3?

A

Recovery from birth

47
Q

What happens in stage 3 parturition to prevent haemorrhage?

A

Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries

48
Q

How long does the endometrial cycle take to re-establish after birth?

A

3-5 months

49
Q

What is colostrum?

A

The first milk
- High fat and protein content
- Antibodies

50
Q

What is milk?

A

A fat emulsion in aqueous solution
- Sugar
- Protein
- Cations and anions

51
Q

Structure of a breast?

A

Alveoli - secretory breast unit
Contractile myoepithelial cells and adipose tissue

52
Q

How is lactation controlled by hormonal control during pregnancy?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone promote breast growth and development ->
Oestrogen stimulates prolactin which produces milk (lactogenesis) ->
This usually promotes breast growth but this is inhibited during pregnancy

53
Q

Where is prolactin stimulated?

A

In the anterior pituitary

54
Q

How is lactation controlled by hormones postpartum?

A

Mammogenic - promotes cell proliferation (oestrogen)
Lactogenic - initiates milk production (prolactin)
Galactokinase - stimulates myoepithelium contraction (oxytocin)
Galactopoietic - maintains milk (prolactin and cortisol

55
Q

What hormone inhibits the ovarian cycle?

A

Downregulation of GnRH

56
Q

What inhibits dopamine release from hypothalamus?

A

Prolactin

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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