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Phys, pharm > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The skin and its accessory organs

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2
Q

What is the structure of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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3
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Anchors the dermis to the epidermis

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4
Q

What are the 2 zones of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

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5
Q

Structure and function of papillary layer?

A

Thin region of loose connective tissue (areolar)
Allows mobility of leukocytes, mast and macrophage cells

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6
Q

Structure and function of the reticular layer

A

Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Adipocyte clusters
Stretches skin in weight gain

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7
Q

Function of a fibroblast

A

Produces laminin and fibronectin

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8
Q

What are the accessory organs of the dermis

A

Hair
Nails
Oil
Sweat glands

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9
Q

What are some specialisations of the dermis?

A

Rich layer of blood and lymphatic vessels
Nerve endings
Arteriovenous anastomoses

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10
Q

What is an arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

Direct connections between small arteries and small veins
Aids in thermoregulation

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11
Q

Structure of the dermal-epidermal boundary?

A

Wavy boundary of finger like projections
Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

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12
Q

What do tall dermal papillae facilitate?

A

Nerve fibres reaching close to the dermal epidermal boundary in highly sensitive areas

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

A keratinised stratified squamous

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14
Q

Name the 4 layers of thin skin

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum

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15
Q

Where is ‘thick’ skin found?

A

Palms and feet

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16
Q

Name the 5 layers of thick skin

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidium
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Basale

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17
Q

What is the self-regeneration time for the epidermis?

A

2-4 weeks

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18
Q

What cells does the stratum basale contain?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Tactile/Merkel cells

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19
Q

Where are keratinocytes mitotically active?

A

Basement membrane

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20
Q

What pigment does pheomelanin give off?

A

Red soluble pigment

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21
Q

What pigment does eumelanin give off?

A

Brown insoluble pigment

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22
Q

Function of tactile/Merkel cells

A

Connect to sensory nerves to give sense of touch

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23
Q

What are dermal papillae interdigitated with?

A

Epidermal rete ridges
At the junction of tissues

24
Q

What is melanin?

A

UV absorbent antioxidant
Radical scavenge

25
Q

What does melanin pigmentation depend on?

A

Carotene pigments
Amount of blood and haemoglobin

26
Q

Where are carotene pigments found?

A

In subcutaneous fat
Stratum corneum

27
Q

What are melanosomes phagocytosed by?

A

Keratinocytes to surround the nucleus

28
Q

What is the thickest ‘thin’ skin layer?

A

Stratum spinosum

29
Q

What is the thickest ‘thick’ skin layer?

A

Stratum corneum

30
Q

What are 3 specialisations of the stratum spinosum?

A

Produce keratin filaments causing cells to flatten
The deepest cells are mitotic, pushed upwards and cease to divide
Tight junctions ensure water retention

31
Q

What are keratinocytes linked to in stratum spinosum?

A

Desmosomes

32
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A

Dark staining
Bind to cytoskeleton and are converted keratin

33
Q

How many layers is the stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes

34
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is stratum granulosum in?

A

Post mitotic

35
Q

Specialisation of stratum granulosum

A

Produce glycolipid filled vesicles which sit between the stratum spinosum for waterproofing

36
Q

What is the name for conversion of keratohyalin to keratin ?

A

Transglutaminases

37
Q

What is the structure of the stratum lucidium?

A

2-3 cell layers

38
Q

What cells are found in stratum lucidium?

A

Dead keratinocytes
Cytoplasmic granules of eleidin

39
Q

What are cytoplasmic granules of eleidin?

A

A product of keratohylain

40
Q

Structure of stratum corneum

A

15-30 layers
Upper layer is terminally differentiated with dead keratinocytes

41
Q

Specialisation of the stratum corneum

A

Has a cornified envelope
Resistant to abrasion, penetration and water loss

42
Q

How is an iron deficiency displayed in nails?

A

Flat or concaved

43
Q

How is long term hypoxemia displayed in nails?

A

Clubbed

44
Q

Structure of nails

A

Dead scaly cells densely packed with hard keratin fibres
Derived from stratum corneum

45
Q

Structure of hair

A

Slender filament of keratinised cells from follicle

46
Q

What are the 3 stages of hair?

A

Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal

47
Q

What are the 3 layers of the hair follicle?

A

Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

48
Q

Name the 5 types of skin glands

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Sebaceous
Ceruminous
Mammary (female only)

49
Q

Function of merocrine gland

A

Sweat gland
Secretes watery perspiration to skin
Associated with myoepithelial cells

50
Q

Function of Apocrine cells

A

Sweat glands
Scent glands responding to stress and sexual stimulation

51
Q

Structure of physical barrier

A

Cross linked keratin layer on a scaffold of keratinocytes

52
Q

Describe the biochemical barrier

A

Slightly acidic
Contains bacteriocidal agents

53
Q

What bactericidal agents are in the biochemical barrier?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (inhibit growth)
Lysozyme (cleaves cross links in bacterial cell wall)

54
Q

Describe the immunological layer

A

Langerhans cells (in stratum spinosum) take up and process antigens.
They migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to the skin lymphocytes which circulate to secondary lymphoid organs.

55
Q

Where are the warm and cold receptors found?

A

The preoptic anterior hypothalamus

56
Q

Where does counter current heat exchange occur?

A

Between arterial and venous blood in the dermis

57
Q

Blood flow at 250ml/min dissipates heat at …

A

80kcal/hr

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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