Autonomic and endocrine system

Question 1

What does acetylcholine and noradrenaline act on?

Answer 1

nAChRs
mAChRs
Alpha&Beta adrenoreceptors

Question 2

What are the principal neurotransmitters in ANS?

Answer 2

Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline

Question 3

Why are sweat glands the anomaly of the sympathetic system? (in regards to ACh and NA)

Answer 3

The sweat glands are the target of ACh whereas the blood vessels and adrenal medulla are the target of NA

Question 4

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 4

Postsynaptic in parasympathetic ganglion neurons and sweat glands

Question 5

Which muscarinic receptors couple to Gq receptors?

Answer 5

M1
M3
M5

Question 6

What is the effect of a Gq coupled to a muscarinic receptor?

Answer 6

Phospholipase C is increased ->
IP3 activates er receptors ->
Triggering release of Ca2+ into the cell ->
Causing secretion or contraction

Question 7

Where are M1 receptors found?

Answer 7

Autonomic ganglia
Glands (salivary, lacrimal, gastric)
Cerebral cortex

Question 8

Where are M3 receptors found?

Answer 8

Exocrine glands
Smooth muscle (GI tract, eye, airways, bladder)
Endothelium in blood vessels

Question 9

Function of M3 receptor?

Answer 9

Regulates production of NO

Question 10

Which muscarinic receptors are coupled to Gi?

Answer 10

M2
M4

Question 11

What do M2&M4 receptors do?

Answer 11

Inhibit activity of adenylyl cyclase ->
Decrease the amount of cAMP ->
Causes an increase in GIRK ->
Decreases the opening of voltage gated calcium channels

Question 12

Where are M2 receptors located?

Answer 12

Heart (atria)
CNS
Nodal tissue

Question 13

Where are M4 receptors located?

Answer 13

CNS

Question 14

Where are M5 receptors located?

Answer 14

CNS (substantia nigra)
Salivary glands
Iris/ciliary muscle

Question 15

Functional response of M1?

Answer 15

Gastric secretion
CNS excitation

Question 16

Functional response of M2?

Answer 16

Cardiac inhibition (decreased force of contraction in atria)
Neural inhibition
Central muscarinic effects

Question 17

Functional response of M3 receptor?

Answer 17

Gastric, salivary secretion
Gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction
Ocular accommodation
Vasodilation

Question 18

Functional response of M4 receptor?

Answer 18

Enhanced locomotion

Question 19

What happens to a cardiac action potential when ACh is applied?

Answer 19

Action potential will decrease and shorten
(contraction of atria is smaller)

Question 20

What is the effect of Muscarine? Which receptors are these a result of ?

Answer 20

Nausea
Lower blood pressure (decrease in cardiac output, M2, and increased NO production, M3,)
Increased saliva (M3)

Question 21

Name 2 clinical mAChR agonists

Answer 21

Cevimeline
Pilocarpine

Question 22

Use of Cevimeline

Answer 22

Improves salivary and lacrimal secretions in Sjogren’s syndrome

Question 23

Which receptor does Cevimeline act on?

Answer 23

M3

Question 24

Uses of Pilocarpine

Answer 24

Eye drops for glaucoma
reduce pressure on optic nerve by allowing drainage

Question 25

What receptor does pilocarpine act on?

Answer 25

Non-selective mAChR

Question 26

Name a muscarinic antagonist

Answer 26

Atropine

Question 27

Which receptor does atropine act on?

Answer 27

Non-selective mAChR

Question 28

Effects of Atropine

Answer 28

Inhibition of secretion Smooth muscle relaxant Pupillary dilation Increase HR Decrease GI motility, acid secretion CNS agitation and disorientation Increase in body temp

Question 29

What is the definition of cholinomimetic?

Answer 29

Drugs that act indirectly to enhance cholinergic transmission

Question 30

Clinical uses of Acetylcholinesterase

Answer 30

To reverse action of neuromuscular blocking drugs Alzheimer's disease Glaucoma

Question 31

What does beta 1 adrenergic receptor affect?

Answer 31

Cardiovascular consequences

Question 32

What does beta 2 adrenergic receptor affect?

Answer 32

The lungs Used therapeutically to treat asthma

Question 33

What is released by sympathetic neurons in the heart?

Answer 33

Noradrenaline

Question 34

What is released by chromaffin cells in the heart?

Answer 34

Adrenaline

Question 35

What is the effect of NA and A in the heart?

Answer 35

Increased voltage gated calcium channel opening time -> Increase in calcium in cardiac muscle cells -> Increase contraction

Question 36

Name a bronchodilator

Answer 36

Salbutamol

Question 37

What receptor does salbutamol act on?

Answer 37

B2

Question 38

Is salbutamol and agonist or antagonist?

Answer 38

Agonist

Question 39

What is a sympathomimetic drug?

Answer 39

A drug that mimics the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 40

Example of a sympathomimetic drug

Answer 40

Amphetamine Catecholamine

Question 41

Mechanism of sympathomimetic drugs

Answer 41

Competes with NA for space in the vesicles Exocytosis is not involved

Question 42

Drug for hypertension. Receptor it acts on

Answer 42

Prazosin A1

Question 43

Drug for heart failure. Receptor it acts on

Answer 43

Carvedilol (A&B)

Question 44

Drug for somatic symptoms of anxiety. Receptor it acts on.

Answer 44

Propanolol (B1 & B2)