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Phys, pharm > Cell communication > Flashcards

Cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

Define affinity

A

Tendency of a chemical to bind to a receptor

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2
Q

What actions do atropine inhibit?

A

Increase in heart rate and salivation

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3
Q

Effect of curare and nicotine

A

No contraction

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4
Q

Effect of curare and nerve stimulation

A

No contraction

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5
Q

What is the effect of nicotine and curare acting on a muscle?

A

Stimulates a nerve which produces a substance and mimics the action of nicotine

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6
Q

What protein is a receptor?

A

A macromolecular protein

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7
Q

What is a chemical mediator?

A

An extracellular signal molecule

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8
Q

What is the cascade for chemical signalling?

A

Extracellular signal molecule
Receptor protein
Intracellular signalling protein in cytosol
Effector proteins

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of effector proteins?

A

Metabolic enzyme
Transcription regulatory protein
Cytoskeletal proteins

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10
Q

What is the downstream effect of metabolic enzyme?

A

Altered metabolism

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11
Q

What is the downstream effect of transcription regulatory protein?

A

Altered gene expression

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12
Q

What is the downstream effect of a cytoskeletal protein?

A

Altered cell shape or movement

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13
Q

What cells can integrate information?

A

Single cells

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14
Q

What allows coordinated responses involving multiple organisms?

A

One receptor being expressed by many cell types

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15
Q

What allows amplification for signalling?

A

Different types of receptors using similar signal transduction methods

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16
Q

How does contact dependent communication work?

A

A cell surface-bound signal molecule binds to a protein receptor on an adjacent target cell.

17
Q

How does paracrine communication work?

A

The signalling cell sends local mediators into extracellular fluid in their neighbourhood which bind to receptors on target cells

18
Q

How does Neuronal communication work?

A

A neurotransmitter travels down a neurons axon and diffuses through a synaptic cleft and binds to the receptor on the target cell.
They travel electrically

19
Q

How does endocrine communication work?

A

Hormones are secreted into the blood stream from the signalling cell to receptors on the target cell.

20
Q

What is the shortest range of cellular communication?

A

Contact dependent

21
Q

What are the 2 main areas contact dependent communication are used?

A

Development (delta-notch signalling)
Immune responses

22
Q

Describe Immune responses using contact-dependent signalling

A

T cells interact with MHC class receptors on apc’s
Apc’s become activated so they can recognise infected/damaged cells

23
Q

Where does paracrine communication act?

A

Locally

24
Q

What can paracrine signalling turn into if effective?

A

Autocrine signalling
- If responds to mediators released

25
Q

How are paracrine signals stored?

A

In vesicles
Or synthesised on demand

26
Q

What are 2 types of paracrine vesicles?

A

Proteins (growth factors)
Amino acid derived mediators (histamine)

27
Q

What are 2 paracrine signals synthesised on demand?

A

Gases (Nitric oxide)
Lipids (endocannabinoids)

28
Q

When is paracrine signalling used?

A

Inflammation
Cell proliferation
Wound healing

29
Q

What is the paracrine receptors mechanism in pharmacology?

A

Mast cells detect allergens and become activated.
Activated mast cells secrete mediators (histamine ect).
Drugs will block the mediators produced

30
Q

What is the paracrine intracellular signalling induced by chemical mediators in pharmacology?

A

Drugs target enzymes which synthesise mediators which cause inflammation
e.g. Eicosanoids which are lipid derived paracrine mediators

31
Q

What does Nitric oxide cause?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle cells
Vasodilation
Activated NO synthase releases NO across membranes. The NO binds to gualynly cyclase which causes a rapid relaxation of smc. The smc lines the walls of blood vessels and causes dilation.

32
Q

What is the mechanism of viagra?

A

Inhibits the enzyme which breaksdown cGMP, prolonging the action of nitric oxide.
This means smooth muscle will take longer to relax

33
Q

What is the speed of neuronal signalling?

A

Very fast

34
Q

How can drugs act on neuronal signalling?

A

At the pre or post synaptic terminals

35
Q

What do drugs affecting the presynaptic terminal do ? Example?

A

Influence neurotransmitter synthesis, storage or release
Amphetamines (storage)

36
Q

What do drugs affecting the postsynaptic terminal do ? Example?

A

Influence neurotransmitter receptors
Nicotine/Curare

37
Q

What are 3 possibilities that horomones can be?

A

Amino acid derived
Proteins
Steroids

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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