Cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

Define affinity

A

Tendency of a chemical to bind to a receptor

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2
Q

What actions do atropine inhibit?

A

Increase in heart rate and salivation

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3
Q

Effect of curare and nicotine

A

No contraction

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4
Q

Effect of curare and nerve stimulation

A

No contraction

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5
Q

What is the effect of nicotine and curare acting on a muscle?

A

Stimulates a nerve which produces a substance and mimics the action of nicotine

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6
Q

What protein is a receptor?

A

A macromolecular protein

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7
Q

What is a chemical mediator?

A

An extracellular signal molecule

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8
Q

What is the cascade for chemical signalling?

A

Extracellular signal molecule
Receptor protein
Intracellular signalling protein in cytosol
Effector proteins

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of effector proteins?

A

Metabolic enzyme
Transcription regulatory protein
Cytoskeletal proteins

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10
Q

What is the downstream effect of metabolic enzyme?

A

Altered metabolism

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11
Q

What is the downstream effect of transcription regulatory protein?

A

Altered gene expression

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12
Q

What is the downstream effect of a cytoskeletal protein?

A

Altered cell shape or movement

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13
Q

What cells can integrate information?

A

Single cells

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14
Q

What allows coordinated responses involving multiple organisms?

A

One receptor being expressed by many cell types

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15
Q

What allows amplification for signalling?

A

Different types of receptors using similar signal transduction methods

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16
Q

How does contact dependent communication work?

A

A cell surface-bound signal molecule binds to a protein receptor on an adjacent target cell.

17
Q

How does paracrine communication work?

A

The signalling cell sends local mediators into extracellular fluid in their neighbourhood which bind to receptors on target cells

18
Q

How does Neuronal communication work?

A

A neurotransmitter travels down a neurons axon and diffuses through a synaptic cleft and binds to the receptor on the target cell.
They travel electrically

19
Q

How does endocrine communication work?

A

Hormones are secreted into the blood stream from the signalling cell to receptors on the target cell.

20
Q

What is the shortest range of cellular communication?

A

Contact dependent

21
Q

What are the 2 main areas contact dependent communication are used?

A

Development (delta-notch signalling)
Immune responses

22
Q

Describe Immune responses using contact-dependent signalling

A

T cells interact with MHC class receptors on apc’s
Apc’s become activated so they can recognise infected/damaged cells

23
Q

Where does paracrine communication act?

24
Q

What can paracrine signalling turn into if effective?

A

Autocrine signalling
- If responds to mediators released

25
How are paracrine signals stored?
In vesicles Or synthesised on demand
26
What are 2 types of paracrine vesicles?
Proteins (growth factors) Amino acid derived mediators (histamine)
27
What are 2 paracrine signals synthesised on demand?
Gases (Nitric oxide) Lipids (endocannabinoids)
28
When is paracrine signalling used?
Inflammation Cell proliferation Wound healing
29
What is the paracrine receptors mechanism in pharmacology?
Mast cells detect allergens and become activated. Activated mast cells secrete mediators (histamine ect). Drugs will block the mediators produced
30
What is the paracrine intracellular signalling induced by chemical mediators in pharmacology?
Drugs target enzymes which synthesise mediators which cause inflammation e.g. Eicosanoids which are lipid derived paracrine mediators
31
What does Nitric oxide cause?
Relaxation of smooth muscle cells Vasodilation Activated NO synthase releases NO across membranes. The NO binds to gualynly cyclase which causes a rapid relaxation of smc. The smc lines the walls of blood vessels and causes dilation.
32
What is the mechanism of viagra?
Inhibits the enzyme which breaksdown cGMP, prolonging the action of nitric oxide. This means smooth muscle will take longer to relax
33
What is the speed of neuronal signalling?
Very fast
34
How can drugs act on neuronal signalling?
At the pre or post synaptic terminals
35
What do drugs affecting the presynaptic terminal do ? Example?
Influence neurotransmitter synthesis, storage or release Amphetamines (storage)
36
What do drugs affecting the postsynaptic terminal do ? Example?
Influence neurotransmitter receptors Nicotine/Curare
37
What are 3 possibilities that horomones can be?
Amino acid derived Proteins Steroids