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Phys, pharm > GI system > Flashcards

GI system Flashcards

1
Q

Function of GI tract

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

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2
Q

What cells are in the mucosal layer?

A

Epithelial cells
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

Function of lamina propria

A

Connective tissue
Blood and lymph vessels

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4
Q

What does muscularis mucosae contraction cause?

A

Change in the shape of the epithelial layer

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5
Q

What is the submucosal layer composed of?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Glands
Blood vessels

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6
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Collection of nerve plexuses surrounding the gi tract

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7
Q

Is the ENS intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic

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8
Q

Are parasympathetic postganglionic neurones cholinergic or peptidergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic & Peptidergic

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9
Q

Are sympathetic postganglionic neurons cholinergic, peptidergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic

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10
Q

What are the 3 gi peptide classes?

A

Hormones
Paracrine
Neurocrine

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11
Q

What is the gi hormone cascade?

A

Endocrine cell at the end of GI tract ->
Secretion ->
Portal circulation ->
Liver ->
Systemic circulation ->
Target cell

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12
Q

What is the gi paracrine cascade?

A

Endocrine cell ->
Diffusion ->
Target cell

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13
Q

What is the gi neurocrine cascade?

A

Neuron ->
Action potential ->
Target cell

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14
Q

What is most contractile tissue in the gi tract?

A

Unitary smooth muscle electrically coupled via gap junctions

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15
Q

What are the 2 subsections of contractions?

A

Phasic
Tonic

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16
Q

What is a phasic contraction?

A

A periodic contraction or relaxation, lasting between 3-12 mins

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17
Q

What is a tonic contraction?

A

A constant level of contraction/ tone due to slow waves

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18
Q

What generates a true action potential?

A

An extension to threshold

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19
Q

What is the gi pacemaker?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal

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20
Q

What are low pressure organs separated by?

A

Sphincters

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21
Q

What is the mastication muscle innervated by?

A

Mandibular nerve (V3) of cranial nerve 5

22
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

Oral
Pharyngeal
Oesophageal

23
Q

What is lubricated food ready for swallowing called?

A

Bolus

24
Q

What does saliva contain? What is

A

Alpha amylase to hydrolyse starch

25
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Receptors which relay sensory info to the brainstem

26
Q

What is the oesophagus lumen lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

27
Q

What is the swallowing reflex?

A

The upper oesophageal sphincter is closed ->
This initiates primary peristaltic waves which coordinates sequential contractions

28
Q

What triggers a secondary peristaltic wave?

A

Continued distension causing contractions to move the bolus along

29
Q

What are the 3 motility phases in the stomach?

A
  1. Receptive relaxation in orad
  2. Caudad contraction
  3. Gastric emptying
30
Q

What is force of contraction in the caudad region controlled by?

A

Due to action potentials

31
Q

What is chyme composed of?

A

HCL
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor
Mucus

32
Q

Describe gastric emptying

A

Chyme empties through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine

33
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

34
Q

How long (approx) is the small intestine?

A

6 1/2 meters long

35
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

36
Q

What increases surface area in the small intestine?

A

Plicae
Villi
Microvilli

37
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Excretes 1l of exocrine pancreatic secretion into duodenum per day

38
Q

What are the secretion phases in the pancreas?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

39
Q

Where are enzymes secreted from in the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

40
Q

What is the cephalic phase initiated by?

A

Initiated by smell, taste and conditioning

41
Q

What is the gastric phase initiated by?

A

Initiated by distension of the stomach

42
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In hepatocytes

43
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Bile salts
Pigments
Cholesterol
Bilirubin

44
Q

Function of the gall bladder

A

Stores, concentrates and ejects bile

45
Q

What can bile form to emulsify lipids?

A

Form micelles to aid digestion and absorption of lipids

46
Q

Function of CCK in the gallbladder

A

Contracts the gallbladder by relaxing the sphincter of Oddi

47
Q

What cells release serotonin in the small intestine? What for?

A

Enterochromaffin cells for peristaltic reflex

48
Q

What happens to material not absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Passes through ileocecal sphincter into the caecum of large intestine

49
Q

What process exposes Chyme to secretions?

A

Segmentation contractions opposing in circular and longitudinal layers

50
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes
Makes and absorbs vitamins K&B
Forming and propelling faeces (ferments indigestible foods)

51
Q

What is a crypt?

A

Glands that secrete mucus to protect the lining from digestive fluids

Phys, pharm (31 decks)

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