Muscles 2

Question 1

What increases during aerobic endurance training?

Answer 1

Fatigue resistance
Blood capillaries

Question 2

What increases in anaerobic endurance training?

Answer 2

Myofibril size (more myofilaments)
Diameter of muscle fibre

Question 3

Where is the energy provided from in first 2 mins of exercise?

Answer 3

Stored energy
Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 4

What do muscle cells have a reserve of?

Answer 4

ATP
Phosphocreatine

Question 5

The build up of what stimulates metabolic pathways in energy release?

Answer 5

ADP
AMP
Phosphate

Question 6

What happens to creatine at rest?

Answer 6

Recycled into phosphocreatine in mitochondria

Question 7

Glycogenesis of glucose produces …

Answer 7

Glucose 1 phosphate

Question 8

At what state does glucose enter glycolysis?

Answer 8

Glucose 6 phosphate

Question 9

What takes up glucose from blood?

Answer 9

GLUT4

Question 10

Why do muscles fatigue?

Answer 10

H+ from lactic acid lowers the cells pH
Lactic acid accumulates from pyruvate

Question 11

Advantage of anaerobic conditions

Answer 11

Produces ATP in the absence of 02

Question 12

Disadvantage of anaerobic conditions

Answer 12

ATP yield is low and toxic products are generated

Question 13

What are the results of anaerobic conditions?

Answer 13

2 ATP
Lactic acid

Question 14

What do aerobic conditions produce?

Answer 14

38 molecules of ATP

Question 15

What happens when tissue oxygen delivery increases in aerobic energy release?

Answer 15

Oxidative phosphorylation energy production is stimulated

Question 16

What feeds oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic energy release?

Answer 16

Lactate is converted back to pyruvate

Question 17

What releases lactate into circulation?

Answer 17

Type IIx fibres

Question 18

What happens during extended periods of aerobic energy release?

Answer 18

Lactate and alanine can be used by the liver to generate glucose.
Redistribution of glycogen stores.
Mobilisation of non-muscle lipids, increasing in circulating fatty acids taken up by muscle.
Breakdown of triacylglycerol stored in muscles.

Question 19

Define muscle fatigue?

Answer 19

Inability to maintain a desired power output.
Decline in force and velocity of muscle shortening

Question 20

Define central fatigue

Answer 20

Deficient drive of motor cortical output

Question 21

Define peripheral fatigue

Answer 21

Decrease in contractile strength of muscle fibres

Question 22

Define high-frequency fatigue

Answer 22

Alteration in cell Na/K balance, particularly in type II fibres

Question 23

Define low-frequency fatigue

Answer 23

Reduced release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum, particularly type I fibres

Question 24

Define ATP depletion

Answer 24

Intense stimulation causing large drops in ATP near cross bridge formation and ATPases

Question 25

What does lactic acid build up cause?

Answer 25

Cellular acidification

Question 26

What is glycogen depletion?

Answer 26

Lack of glycogen leads to lack of glucose 'Hitting a wall'