Research Methods Chapter 3 Flashcards by Allison Morrow

Founder of action research

Kurt Lewin

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Developed the force field theory

Kurt Lewin

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Types of driving and restraining forces

physical, psychological, group, and any other forces that affect us

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How can you change or produce change in others?

Reduce resisting forces and increase driving forces

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Earliest advocate for S-O-R psychology

John Dewey

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S-O-R

Stimulus - Organism - Response

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Believed that the thinking organisms is always embedded in and part of a dynamic, local, and complex ecology

John Dewey

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Transactional theory founder

John Dewey

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Theory: we aren’t separate from our environments but part of our enviornments

Transactional theory

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Who emphasized that every person can engage in experimentation in the workplace and in daily life?

John Dewey

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Because Dewey thought that each of us should try new solutions to problematic situations to determine what works better, he sometimes referred to himself as an _______

Instrumentalist

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Dewey’s pragmatism was a?

Values based pragmatism

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Action science was founded by

Chris Argyns and Donald Schon

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Developed learning organizations

Chris Argyns and Donald Schon

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Four phases of appreciative inquiry

Dream, Design, Destiny, Discovery

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Theory: Change is a three step process: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing

Change theory

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Theory that we are embedded in local contexts, and we must work continually to improve situations through personal inquiry and growth

Philosophy of experience

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Action science is a form of action research that is focused on

building learning organizations

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Phases of action research cycle

plan, act, observe, and reflect

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The type of action research that involves using the members of an organization to work together and developing a shared purpose, vision, and goal is called

appreciative inquiry

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A step in the action research cycle in which one conducts an exploratory-descriptive study or an experimental-intervention study

Action Phase

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What are the roots and early vision from which action research emerged?

Action research emerged from the work of Kurt Lewin and John Dewey. Lewin believed that research and theory should be connected and that together they should lead to action such as social change. He believed that in order for change to occur, forces driving the change needed to overpower forces resisting the change. This change could come about through a series of phases (i.e., unfreezing, changing, and refreezing). John Dewey believed that all people were problem solvers who used inquiry to address problems. He too proposed phases of inquiry that people use to address issues in their work and daily lives.

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What kind of knowledge does action research produce?

Action research produces local, idiographic, and contextual information .The information helps action researchers to solve problems that they face. The knowledge gained from action research should be disseminated and integrated into more general theories.

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involves stakeholders in the development of, carrying out, analysis, and dissemination phases of a research study.

Participatory Action research

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a type of participatory action research that has an ideological point of view that emphasizes political possibilities and empowerment of communities within society.

Critical action research

views the world through a feminist lens and is focused on improving lives of women.

Feminist Action research

used in organizations to help them focus putting theories into action and producing a learning organization in which people work together and grow over time.

Action science

action research that focuses in on the best in people, their organization, and the world and then using the individuals to jointly develop and implement a shared purpose, vision, and goal.

appreciative inquiry

action research that an individual conducts to investigate a problem that he or she is interested in.

individual action research

involves a team of researchers with different strengths who work together developing and implementing the research study.

collaborative action research

action research focused on changing a large entity.

Systemwide Action Research

How does the action research cycle operate and why is it a never-ending process?

The action research cycle is composed of four phases: plan, act, observe, and reflect. In the plan phase one looks forward and prepares to act. In the act phase, the investigation or intervention is carried out. In the observe phase, the researcher attends to what is happening and what the data say. The reflect phase allows the researcher to interpret the results of the research and plan the next step. An action researcher can begin the action research process at any of these four phases depending upon where he or she is. The process is never-ending because an inherent component of the action research cycle is the generation of additional questions to be answered.

A synonym for the research proposal that is used by action researchers

Action plan

Applied research focused on solving practitioners’ local problems

Action research

Coined the term “action research.”

Kurt Lewin

Believed that research and theory should be connected and should lead to action focused on social improvement.

Kurt Lewin

Valuing and thinking like a practitioner and researcher in your job and life

Action Research Attitude

name and remove restraining forces, usually the most difficult phase.

Unfreezing behavior

Change theory originator

Kurt Lewin

A place where one records learnings and reflections

Action Research Journal

John Dewey was a ....

Pragmatist

The science of practice, with the aims of making theories in use explicit and producing a learning organization

Action Science

Five phases of inquiry (Dewey)

A sense that there is a difficulty or that something is wrong Naming the problem: location and definition Hypothesis of possible solution Reasoning around the solution Testing of the solution by experimentation or observation

A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work

Critical Friend

Multiple people (parties, stakeholders) work together as a research team. Issues of relinquishing power. Each person contributes to the whole. Researchers are also the participants in the research. Dissemination should be taken seriously by all involved.

Participatory action research

Problem solving that relies on reflection, observation, and experimentation

Deweyan Inquiry

Similar to PAR and terms may be used as synonyms. Emphasis on political issues, empowerment, immediate social change. Ideological component similar to orientational research. Focus on inequalities due to individual or group characteristics (e.g., race, ethnicity, disability, etc.).

Critical action research

Learning how a problem relates to the system it resides in so that a more satisfying solution can be foun

Double-Loop Learning

Research in organizations. Focused on making organization a learning organization. Learning organization: members continue to learn, develop, and grow so that the organization is continuously improving and adapting to the environment as it changes. “Science of practice.” More emphasis on scientific rigor and getting people in the organization to work together and grow over time. Attempt to get organizations to use double-loop learning (places learning in context of larger system) rather than single-loop learning (focusing on fixing problems in the short-term but does not take a system-wide view). Double-loop learning transforms organizations.

Action science

Forces pushing for changes from the current state

Driving Forces

The theory or explanation we provide for our actions

Espoused Theory

Identifying and understanding the driving and restraining forces present in a situation

Force Field Analysis

Explanation of action and inaction as resulting from driving and restraining forces

Force Field Theory

Organization in which members work together and grow over time, continually improving the organization as a whole

Learning Organization

A theory of change that includes a three-step process for planned changes in human settings

Lewin’s Change Theory

A step in the action research cycle in which one collects data and obtains evidence about the success of actions

Obesrve phase

Articulation of the action research project plan

planning phase

A step in the action research cycle in which one thinks about the results, considers strategies for improvement, and begins future planning

reflection phase

Forces resisting change and supporting the status quo

Restraining Forces

“Fixing” a small problem to get the immediately desired result

Single-Loop Learning

The theory or explanation that explains what we actually do

Theory in Use

Studies focused on converting scientific research into easily understood language and procedures

Translational Research

A useful chart showing what is to occur during the study

Who Does What, When Chart

Finding the best in selves and others. Work together to jointly develop and share a purpose, vision, and goal. 4 phases Discovery—identify and appreciate strengths, discover potential Dream—develop vision through sharing and revising Design—determine organization structure to attain vision Destiny—enact new design and sustain momentum

appreciative inquiry