Research Methods Chapter 3 Flashcards
Founder of action research
Kurt Lewin
Developed the force field theory
Kurt Lewin
Types of driving and restraining forces
physical, psychological, group, and any other forces that affect us
How can you change or produce change in others?
Reduce resisting forces and increase driving forces
Earliest advocate for S-O-R psychology
John Dewey
S-O-R
Stimulus - Organism - Response
Believed that the thinking organisms is always embedded in and part of a dynamic, local, and complex ecology
John Dewey
Transactional theory founder
John Dewey
Theory: we aren’t separate from our environments but part of our enviornments
Transactional theory
Who emphasized that every person can engage in experimentation in the workplace and in daily life?
John Dewey
Because Dewey thought that each of us should try new solutions to problematic situations to determine what works better, he sometimes referred to himself as an _______
Instrumentalist
Dewey’s pragmatism was a?
Values based pragmatism
Action science was founded by
Chris Argyns and Donald Schon
Developed learning organizations
Chris Argyns and Donald Schon
Four phases of appreciative inquiry
Dream, Design, Destiny, Discovery
Theory: Change is a three step process: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing
Change theory
Theory that we are embedded in local contexts, and we must work continually to improve situations through personal inquiry and growth
Philosophy of experience
Action science is a form of action research that is focused on
building learning organizations
Phases of action research cycle
plan, act, observe, and reflect
The type of action research that involves using the members of an organization to work together and developing a shared purpose, vision, and goal is called
appreciative inquiry
A step in the action research cycle in which one conducts an exploratory-descriptive study or an experimental-intervention study
Action Phase
What are the roots and early vision from which action research emerged?
Action research emerged from the work of Kurt Lewin and John Dewey. Lewin believed that research and theory should be connected and that together they should lead to action such as social change. He believed that in order for change to occur, forces driving the change needed to overpower forces resisting the change. This change could come about through a series of phases (i.e., unfreezing, changing, and refreezing). John Dewey believed that all people were problem solvers who used inquiry to address problems. He too proposed phases of inquiry that people use to address issues in their work and daily lives.
What kind of knowledge does action research produce?
Action research produces local, idiographic, and contextual information .The information helps action researchers to solve problems that they face. The knowledge gained from action research should be disseminated and integrated into more general theories.
involves stakeholders in the development of, carrying out, analysis, and dissemination phases of a research study.
Participatory Action research
a type of participatory action research that has an ideological point of view that emphasizes political possibilities and empowerment of communities within society.
Critical action research
views the world through a feminist lens and is focused on improving lives of women.
Feminist Action research
used in organizations to help them focus putting theories into action and producing a learning organization in which people work together and grow over time.
Action science
action research that focuses in on the best in people, their organization, and the world and then using the individuals to jointly develop and implement a shared purpose, vision, and goal.
appreciative inquiry
action research that an individual conducts to investigate a problem that he or she is interested in.
individual action research
involves a team of researchers with different strengths who work together developing and implementing the research study.
collaborative action research
action research focused on changing a large entity.
Systemwide Action Research
How does the action research cycle operate and why is it a never-ending process?
The action research cycle is composed of four phases: plan, act, observe, and reflect. In the plan phase one looks forward and prepares to act. In the act phase, the investigation or intervention is carried out. In the observe phase, the researcher attends to what is happening and what the data say. The reflect phase allows the researcher to interpret the results of the research and plan the next step. An action researcher can begin the action research process at any of these four phases depending upon where he or she is. The process is never-ending because an inherent component of the action research cycle is the generation of additional questions to be answered.
A synonym for the research proposal that is used by action researchers
Action plan
Applied research focused on solving practitioners’ local problems
Action research
Coined the term “action research.”
Kurt Lewin
Believed that research and theory should be connected and should lead to action focused on social improvement.
Kurt Lewin
Valuing and thinking like a practitioner and researcher in your job and life
Action Research Attitude
name and remove restraining forces, usually the most difficult phase.
Unfreezing behavior
Change theory originator
Kurt Lewin
A place where one records learnings and reflections
Action Research Journal
John Dewey was a ….
Pragmatist
The science of practice, with the aims of making theories in use explicit and producing a learning organization
Action Science
Five phases of inquiry (Dewey)
A sense that there is a difficulty or that something is wrong
Naming the problem: location and definition
Hypothesis of possible solution
Reasoning around the solution
Testing of the solution by experimentation or observation
A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work
Critical Friend
Multiple people (parties, stakeholders) work together as a research team.
Issues of relinquishing power.
Each person contributes to the whole.
Researchers are also the participants in the research.
Dissemination should be taken seriously by all involved.
Participatory action research
Problem solving that relies on reflection, observation, and experimentation
Deweyan Inquiry
Similar to PAR and terms may be used as synonyms.
Emphasis on political issues, empowerment, immediate social change.
Ideological component similar to orientational research.
Focus on inequalities due to individual or group characteristics (e.g., race, ethnicity, disability, etc.).
Critical action research
Learning how a problem relates to the system it resides in so that a more satisfying solution can be foun
Double-Loop Learning
Research in organizations.
Focused on making organization a learning organization.
Learning organization: members continue to learn, develop, and grow so that the organization is continuously improving and adapting to the environment as it changes.
“Science of practice.”
More emphasis on scientific rigor and getting people in the organization to work together and grow over time.
Attempt to get organizations to use double-loop learning (places learning in context of larger system) rather than single-loop learning (focusing on fixing problems in the short-term but does not take a system-wide view).
Double-loop learning transforms organizations.
Action science
Forces pushing for changes from the current state
Driving Forces
The theory or explanation we provide for our actions
Espoused Theory
Identifying and understanding the driving and restraining forces present in a situation
Force Field Analysis
Explanation of action and inaction as resulting from driving and restraining forces
Force Field Theory
Organization in which members work together and grow over time, continually improving the organization as a whole
Learning Organization
A theory of change that includes a three-step process for planned changes in human settings
Lewin’s Change Theory
A step in the action research cycle in which one collects data and obtains evidence about the success of actions
Obesrve phase
Articulation of the action research project plan
planning phase
A step in the action research cycle in which one thinks about the results, considers strategies for improvement, and begins future planning
reflection phase
Forces resisting change and supporting the status quo
Restraining Forces
“Fixing” a small problem to get the immediately desired result
Single-Loop Learning
The theory or explanation that explains what we actually do
Theory in Use
Studies focused on converting scientific research into easily understood language and procedures
Translational Research
A useful chart showing what is to occur during the study
Who Does What, When Chart
Finding the best in selves and others.
Work together to jointly develop and share a purpose, vision, and goal.
4 phases
Discovery—identify and appreciate strengths, discover potential
Dream—develop vision through sharing and revising
Design—determine organization structure to attain vision
Destiny—enact new design and sustain momentum
appreciative inquiry
