Chapter 12, 13, 14 Research Methods Flashcards
Manipulating the independent variable by giving the various comparison groups different amounts of the independent variable
Amount Technique
A control method that can be used to statistically equate groups that differ on a pretest or some other variable; used to examine the relationship between one categorical independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable, controlling for one or more extraneous variables (also called ANCOVA)
Analysis of Covariance
Each participant receives only one level of the independent variable
Between-Subjects Independent Variable
A sequencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition(s)
Carryover Effect
A combination of two or more independent variables in a factorial design
Cell
Attending to temporal, place, and relational aspects of reality
Being in the Midst
A control method that can be used to statistically equate groups that differ on a pretest or some other variable; used to examine the relationship between one categorical independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable, controlling for one or more extraneous variables (also called ANCOVA)
Analysis of Covariance
The group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition`
Control Group
Administering all experimental treatment conditions to all participants but in different orders; it is used with within-subjects independent variables
Counterbalancing
A bounded system
case
When the influence of an extraneous variable is different for the various comparison groups
Differential Influence
A form of qualitative research that is focused on providing a detailed account of the characteristics and dynamics present in one or more cases
Case Study Research
An interaction effect that occurs when the lines on a graph plotting the effect cross
Disordinal Interaction Effect
Studying multiple cases in one research study
Collective Case Study
A form of explanatory research in which the researcher hypothesizes a causal model and then empirically tests the model
Causal Modelling
Searching for similarities and differences across multiple cases; contrasted with within-case analysis
Cross-Case Analysis
Any group of people with a common classification or characteristic
Cohort
A design in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows the specific condition (experimental or control) that the participant is in
Double-Blind Procedure
The inquiry space created between researchers and participants during conduct of the research
Field
The term narrative inquirers use for data
Field Texts
Data are collected at a single point in time
Cross-Sectional Research
Final representations of a narrative inquiry, such as books and articles, dissertations, theses, and presentations for academic and nonacademic audiences, that are made public for a wider audience
Final Research Texts
Experimenter’s goal of constructing comparison groups that are similar on all confounding extraneous variables and different only on the independent variable
Equating the Comparison Groups
An environment in which the researcher attempts to objectively observe phenomena that are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more variables are varied and the others are kept constant
Experiment
Interest is in understanding something more general than the particular case
Instrumental Case Study
Eliminating any differential influence of extraneous variables
Experimental Control
Experimental Group
The group that receives the experimental treatment condition
A design in which two or more independent variables, at least one of which is manipulated, are simultaneously studied to determine their independent and interactive effects on the dependent variable
Factorial Design
A factorial design in which different participants are randomly assigned to the different levels of one independent variable, but all participants take all levels of another independent variable
Factorial Design Based on a Mixed Model
An experimental study that is conducted in a real-life setting
Field Experiment
When the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable varies across or depends on the level of another independent variable
Interaction Effect
An experimental study that is conducted over the Internet
Internet Experiment
A study conducted in a controlled environment where one or more variables are precisely manipulated and all or nearly all extraneous variables are controlled
Laboratory Experiment
The effect of one independent variable
Main Effect
The mean of scores in the cells of a column or a row
Marginal Mean
Equating the comparison groups on one or more variables that are correlated with the dependent variable
Matching
Administering a posttest to a single group of participants after they have been given an experimental treatment condition
One-Group Posttest-Only Design
Administering a posttest to a single group of participants after they have been pretested and given an experimental treatment condition
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
A sequencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered
Order Effect
An interaction effect that occurs when the lines on a graph plotting the effect do not cross
Ordinal Interaction Effect
Administering a posttest to two randomly assigned groups of participants after one group has been administered the experimental treatment condition
Posttest-Only Control-Group Design
Comparing the posttest performance of a group of participants who have been given an experimental treatment condition with that of a group that has not been given the experimental treatment condition
Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups
Manipulating the independent variable by presenting one group the treatment condition and withholding it from the other group
Presence or Absence Technique
A research design that administers a posttest to two randomly assigned groups of participants after both have been pretested and one of the groups has been administered the experimental treatment condition
Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design
An experimental research design that does not provide for full control of potential confounding variables primarily because it does not randomly assign participants to comparison groups; it is superior to a weak but inferior to a strong experimental design
Quasi-Experimental Design
A procedure that makes assignments to conditions on the basis of chance and in this way maximizes the probability that the comparison groups will be equated on all extraneous variables; randomly assigning a set of people to different groups
Random Assignment
A popular term for experimental designs with random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups and, if possible, the use of double-blind procedures
RCT
A design in which all participants participate in all experimental treatment conditions
Repeated-Measures Design
The outline, plan, or strategy that is used to answer a research question
Research Design
Biasing effects that can occur when each participant must participate in each experimental treatment condition
Sequencing Effects
Design in which the participant does not know the specific condition he or she is in
Single Blind Procedure
Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type of condition presented to the different comparison groups
Type Technique
All participants receive all levels of the independent variable
Within-Subjects Independent Variable
