Instructional Strategies Week 2 Flashcards
exists when the accomplishment of each individual’s goals is affected by the actions of others
social interdependence
exists when individuals perceive that they
can reach their goals if and only if the other individuals with whom they are cooperatively linked also reach their goals and, therefore, promote each other’s efforts to achieve the goals
positive interdependence
e exists when individuals perceive that they can obtain their goals if and only if the other individuals with whom they are competitively linked fail to obtain their goals and, therefore, obstruct each other’s efforts to achieve the goals.
negative interdependence
results in a situation in which individuals perceive that they can reach their goal regardless of whether other individuals in the situation attain or do not attain their
goals.
no interdependence
the degree to which actions of one person substitute for the actions of another person
substitutability
openness to being influenced and to influencing others
inducibility
investment of positive psychological energy in objects outside of oneself
cathexis
the actions of one person do not substitute for the actions of another person
non-substitutability
the way in which interdependence is
structured determines how individuals interact and the interaction pattern determines the outcomes of
the situation
social interdependence theory
individuals encouraging and facilitating each other’s efforts to complete tasks, achieve, or produce in order to reach the group’s goals.
Promotive interaction
individuals discouraging and obstructing each
other’s efforts to complete tasks, achieve, or produce in order to reach their goals; individuals focus
both on increasing their own productivity and on preventing any other person from producing more
than they do
Oppositional interaction
individuals acting independently without any interchange with each other while they work to achieve their goals; individuals focus only on increasing their own productivity and achievement and ignore as irrelevant the efforts of others.
No interaction
Cooperation, will only develop under a which set of conditions?
positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group
processing
promotes a situation in which students work
together in small groups to maximize the learning of all members, sharing their resources,
providing mutual support, and celebrating their joint success.
Positive interdependence
Three categories of
interdependence
outcome, means, and boundary interdependence
exists when the performance of individual students is assessed, the results are given back to the individual
and the group, and the member is held responsible by group mates for contributing his or her fair share to the group’s success.
individual accountability
exists when individuals encourage and facilitate each other’s efforts to complete tasks and achieve the
group’s goals. In order to promote each other’s success, group members (a) help and assist each other, (b) exchange needed resources such as information and materials, (c) provide each other with feedback, (d) challenge each other’s conclusions and reasoning, (e)
advocate working harder to achieve the group’s goals, (f) influence each other, and (g) act in trusting and trustworthy ways
Promotive interaction
Deutsch’s two aspects of the internal dynamics of cooperative groups that potentially enhanced outcomes
trust and conflict
Trust includes….
a) the awareness that beneficial or harmful consequences
(b) realization that others have the power to determine the
consequences of one’s actions, (c) the awareness that the harmful consequences are more serious than are the beneficial consequences, and (d) confidence that the others will behave in ways that ensure beneficial consequences for oneself
The two types of conflict that occur frequently and regularly within cooperative groups
constructive controversy and conflict of interests
exists when group members have different information,
perceptions, opinions, reasoning processes, theories, and conclusions, and they must reach agreement
Constructive controversy
occurs when the actions of one person striving to achieve his or her goal interfere with and obstruct the actions of another person striving to achieve his or her goal
conflict of interests
used to determine what is the most important information in a body of material.
selection strategies
methods of reviewing material.
rehearsal strategies
activities which help process material into short-term memory by keeping material active in consciousness so that it can be more deeply processed for recall and long periods
rehearsal
Students repeat a sequence of motor movements, a list of words, or steps in a procedures.
Repetition and Cumulative Rehearsal
Students form questions about material. Teachers, text writers or designers ask questions. Students answer the question posed.
Questioning and Answering
Students predict questions to be asked by the teacher. Students try to predict meaning of the content. Students guess about intentions of text writer or teacher.
Students, after identifying concepts, ideas, or propositions which they understand poorly, study with the goal of better understanding. This often involves prior knowledge.
Predicting and Clarifying
Students put concepts, ideas, and propositions in their own words, thereby relating the new material to their prior knowledge.
Restating or Paraphrasing
Students “pass” through material to reflect on its meaning and to think about what they recall. Students create an overview of the gist of the material.
Reviewing and summarizing.
Students decide on or are informed about which information is important and concentrate on it, spending less effort on information adjudged to be less important. This often entails prediction.
Selecting
Students write ideas, definitions, propositions, etc. At its best, note taking involves selecting (importance) and predicting
Notetaking
Students mark important-materials, thus reducing the amount to be more deeply processed. It includes selecting and predicting
underlining
A student system proposed by Robinson,. The letters and numbers stand for survey, question, read, recite. Continue questioning, reading for answers, and reciting throughout the chapter or assignment. Make notes (review).
SQ3R
A study system very similar to SQ3R which may be found from Thomas and Robinson. Preview, Question, read, self-recite, and review.
PQRST
