Chapter 10 and 11 Research Methods

Question 1

A sample that is systematically different from the population

Answer 1

Biased Sample

Question 2

A study based on data from the whole population rather than a sample

Answer 2

Census

Question 3

A collective type of unit that includes multiple elements

Answer 3

Cluster

Question 4

A type of sampling in which clusters are randomly selected

Answer 4

Cluster Sampling

Question 5

Including all cases in the research study

Answer 5

Comprehensive Sampling

Question 6

People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are included in the sample

Answer 6

Convenience Sampling

Question 7

Selecting what are believed to be particularly important cases

Answer 7

Critical-Case Sampling

Question 8

A type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be different from the population proportions on the stratification variable

Answer 8

Disproportional Stratified Sampling

Question 9

The basic unit that is selected from the population

Answer 9

Element

Question 10

EPSEM

Answer 10

equal probability sampling method

Question 11

Equal Probability of Selection Method

Answer 11

Any sampling method in which each member has an equal chance of being selected

Question 12

Extreme-Case Sampling

Answer 12

Identifying the extremes or poles of some characteristic and then selecting for examination cases representing these extremes

Question 13

Generalize

Answer 13

To make statements about a population based on sample data

Question 14

Homogeneous Sample Selection

Answer 14

Selecting a small and homogeneous case or set of cases for intensive study

Question 15

K

Answer 15

The size of the sampling interval

Question 16

Maximum Variation Sampling

Answer 16

Purposively selecting a wide range of cases

Question 17

Mixed Purposeful Sampling

Answer 17

The mixing of more than one sampling strategy

Question 18

Mixed Sampling Designs

Answer 18

The eight sampling designs that result from crossing the time orientation criterion and the sample relationship criterion

Question 19

N

Answer 19

The sample size

Question 20

Selecting cases that are expected to disconfirm the researcher’s expectations and generalizations

Answer 20

Negative-Case Sampling

Question 21

A set of clusters is randomly selected, and all the cases in the selected clusters are included in the sample

Answer 21

One-Stage Cluster Sampling

Question 22

Selecting cases when the opportunity occurs

Answer 22

Opportunistic Sampling

Question 23

A numerical characteristic of a population

Answer 23

Parameter

Question 24

The presence of a cyclical pattern in the sampling frame

Answer 24

Periodicity

Question 25

The large group to which a researcher wants to generalize the sample results; the complete set of cases

Answer 25

Population

Question 26

A type of two-stage cluster sampling in which each cluster’s chance of being selected in stage one depends on its population size

Answer 26

Probability Proportional to Size

Question 27

A type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be the same as the population proportions on the stratification variable

Answer 27

Proportional Stratified Sampling

Question 28

The researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and locates individuals with those characteristics

Answer 28

Purposive Sampling

Question 29

Occur when threats to internal validity combine to produce an additive or multiplicative bias

Answer 29

Additive and Interactive Effects

Question 30

The inability to specify which variable is the cause and which is the effect

Answer 30

Ambiguous Temporal Precedence

Question 31

Loss of people who do not complete the experiment

Answer 31

Attrition

Question 32

Describing the consequences of manipulating an independent variable

Answer 32

Causal Description

Question 33

Explaining the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which a causal relationship holds

Answer 33

Causal Explanation

Question 34

The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; it’s a synonym for internal validity

Answer 34

Causal Validity

Question 35

The degree to which a mixed researcher can make Gestalt switches between the lenses of a qualitative researcher and a quantitative researcher and integrate the two views into an “integrated” or broader viewpoint

Answer 35

Commensurability Approximation Legitimation

Question 36

An extraneous variable that was not controlled for and is the reason a particular “confounded” result is observed; an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable

Answer 36

Confounding Variable

Question 37

The extent to which a higher-order construct is accurately represented in a particular study

Answer 37

Construct Validity

Question 38

The degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences

Answer 38

Conversion Legitimation

Question 39

A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work

Answer 39

Critical Friend

Question 40

The factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher

Answer 40

Descriptive Validity

Question 41

In a single-group design, participants who drop out are different from those who stay, causing the sample composition to change; in a multigroup design, refers to a differential loss of participants from the various comparison groups that causes the groups to become nonequivalent

Answer 41

Differential Attrition

Question 42

Selection of participants who have different characteristics for the various treatment groups; it produces “nonequivalent groups”

Answer 42

Differential Selection

Question 43

The ability to generalize the study results across settings

Answer 43

Ecological Validity

Question 44

A measure of the strength or magnitude of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Answer 44

Effect Size Indicator

Question 45

Collecting data in the field over an extended period of time

Answer 45

Extended Fieldwork

Question 46

The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations; also called “generalizing validity”

Answer 46

External Validity

Question 47

A variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome; any variable other than the independent variable that might influence the dependent variable; a variable that you need to “control for” to eliminate it as a competing explanation for the observed relationship between an independent and a dependent variable

Answer 47

Extraneous Variable

Question 48

Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to all subgroups in the target population

Answer 48

Generalizing Across Subpopulations

Question 49

Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to the target population (e.g., the population average or correlation)

Answer 49

Generalizing to a Population

Question 50

The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations; it’s a synonym for internal validity

Answer 50

Generalizing Validity

Question 51

Any event, other than a planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement of the dependent variable and influences the postmeasurement of the dependent variable

Answer 51

History

Question 52

Particular causes, including intentions, of specific or local attitudes, conditions, and events

Answer 52

Idiographic Causation

Question 53

The extent to which the researcher accurately understands, uses, and presents the participants’ subjective insider or “native” views (also called the emic viewpoint) and the researcher’s objective outsider view (also called the etic viewpoint)

Answer 53

Inside-Outside Legitimation

Question 54

Any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured

Answer 54

Instrumentation

Question 55

The degree to which the researcher achieved integration of quantitative and qualitative data, analysis, and conclusions

Answer 55

Integrative Legitimation

Question 56

The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; also called “causal validity”

Answer 56

Internal Validity