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Qualifying Exams > Chapter 10 and 11 Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 10 and 11 Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

A sample that is systematically different from the population

A

Biased Sample

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2
Q

A study based on data from the whole population rather than a sample

A

Census

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3
Q

A collective type of unit that includes multiple elements

A

Cluster

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4
Q

A type of sampling in which clusters are randomly selected

A

Cluster Sampling

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5
Q

Including all cases in the research study

A

Comprehensive Sampling

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6
Q

People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are included in the sample

A

Convenience Sampling

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7
Q

Selecting what are believed to be particularly important cases

A

Critical-Case Sampling

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8
Q

A type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be different from the population proportions on the stratification variable

A

Disproportional Stratified Sampling

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9
Q

The basic unit that is selected from the population

A

Element

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10
Q

EPSEM

A

equal probability sampling method

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11
Q

Equal Probability of Selection Method

A

Any sampling method in which each member has an equal chance of being selected

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12
Q

Extreme-Case Sampling

A

Identifying the extremes or poles of some characteristic and then selecting for examination cases representing these extremes

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13
Q

Generalize

A

To make statements about a population based on sample data

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14
Q

Homogeneous Sample Selection

A

Selecting a small and homogeneous case or set of cases for intensive study

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15
Q

K

A

The size of the sampling interval

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16
Q

Maximum Variation Sampling

A

Purposively selecting a wide range of cases

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17
Q

Mixed Purposeful Sampling

A

The mixing of more than one sampling strategy

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18
Q

Mixed Sampling Designs

A

The eight sampling designs that result from crossing the time orientation criterion and the sample relationship criterion

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19
Q

N

A

The sample size

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20
Q

Selecting cases that are expected to disconfirm the researcher’s expectations and generalizations

A

Negative-Case Sampling

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21
Q

A set of clusters is randomly selected, and all the cases in the selected clusters are included in the sample

A

One-Stage Cluster Sampling

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22
Q

Selecting cases when the opportunity occurs

A

Opportunistic Sampling

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23
Q

A numerical characteristic of a population

A

Parameter

24
Q

The presence of a cyclical pattern in the sampling frame

A

Periodicity

25
Q

The large group to which a researcher wants to generalize the sample results; the complete set of cases

A

Population

26
Q

A type of two-stage cluster sampling in which each cluster’s chance of being selected in stage one depends on its population size

A

Probability Proportional to Size

27
Q

A type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be the same as the population proportions on the stratification variable

A

Proportional Stratified Sampling

28
Q

The researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and locates individuals with those characteristics

A

Purposive Sampling

29
Q

Occur when threats to internal validity combine to produce an additive or multiplicative bias

A

Additive and Interactive Effects

30
Q

The inability to specify which variable is the cause and which is the effect

A

Ambiguous Temporal Precedence

31
Q

Loss of people who do not complete the experiment

A

Attrition

32
Q

Describing the consequences of manipulating an independent variable

A

Causal Description

33
Q

Explaining the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which a causal relationship holds

A

Causal Explanation

34
Q

The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; it’s a synonym for internal validity

A

Causal Validity

35
Q

The degree to which a mixed researcher can make Gestalt switches between the lenses of a qualitative researcher and a quantitative researcher and integrate the two views into an “integrated” or broader viewpoint

A

Commensurability Approximation Legitimation

36
Q

An extraneous variable that was not controlled for and is the reason a particular “confounded” result is observed; an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable

A

Confounding Variable

37
Q

The extent to which a higher-order construct is accurately represented in a particular study

A

Construct Validity

38
Q

The degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences

A

Conversion Legitimation

39
Q

A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work

A

Critical Friend

40
Q

The factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher

A

Descriptive Validity

41
Q

In a single-group design, participants who drop out are different from those who stay, causing the sample composition to change; in a multigroup design, refers to a differential loss of participants from the various comparison groups that causes the groups to become nonequivalent

A

Differential Attrition

42
Q

Selection of participants who have different characteristics for the various treatment groups; it produces “nonequivalent groups”

A

Differential Selection

43
Q

The ability to generalize the study results across settings

A

Ecological Validity

44
Q

A measure of the strength or magnitude of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables

A

Effect Size Indicator

45
Q

Collecting data in the field over an extended period of time

A

Extended Fieldwork

46
Q

The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations; also called “generalizing validity”

A

External Validity

47
Q

A variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome; any variable other than the independent variable that might influence the dependent variable; a variable that you need to “control for” to eliminate it as a competing explanation for the observed relationship between an independent and a dependent variable

A

Extraneous Variable

48
Q

Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to all subgroups in the target population

A

Generalizing Across Subpopulations

49
Q

Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to the target population (e.g., the population average or correlation)

A

Generalizing to a Population

50
Q

The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations; it’s a synonym for internal validity

A

Generalizing Validity

51
Q

Any event, other than a planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement of the dependent variable and influences the postmeasurement of the dependent variable

A

History

52
Q

Particular causes, including intentions, of specific or local attitudes, conditions, and events

A

Idiographic Causation

53
Q

The extent to which the researcher accurately understands, uses, and presents the participants’ subjective insider or “native” views (also called the emic viewpoint) and the researcher’s objective outsider view (also called the etic viewpoint)

A

Inside-Outside Legitimation

54
Q

Any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured

A

Instrumentation

55
Q

The degree to which the researcher achieved integration of quantitative and qualitative data, analysis, and conclusions

A

Integrative Legitimation

56
Q

The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; also called “causal validity”

A

Internal Validity

Qualifying Exams (22 decks)

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