Chapter 10 and 11 Research Methods Flashcards
A sample that is systematically different from the population
Biased Sample
A study based on data from the whole population rather than a sample
Census
A collective type of unit that includes multiple elements
Cluster
A type of sampling in which clusters are randomly selected
Cluster Sampling
Including all cases in the research study
Comprehensive Sampling
People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are included in the sample
Convenience Sampling
Selecting what are believed to be particularly important cases
Critical-Case Sampling
A type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be different from the population proportions on the stratification variable
Disproportional Stratified Sampling
The basic unit that is selected from the population
Element
EPSEM
equal probability sampling method
Equal Probability of Selection Method
Any sampling method in which each member has an equal chance of being selected
Extreme-Case Sampling
Identifying the extremes or poles of some characteristic and then selecting for examination cases representing these extremes
Generalize
To make statements about a population based on sample data
Homogeneous Sample Selection
Selecting a small and homogeneous case or set of cases for intensive study
K
The size of the sampling interval
Maximum Variation Sampling
Purposively selecting a wide range of cases
Mixed Purposeful Sampling
The mixing of more than one sampling strategy
Mixed Sampling Designs
The eight sampling designs that result from crossing the time orientation criterion and the sample relationship criterion
N
The sample size
Selecting cases that are expected to disconfirm the researcher’s expectations and generalizations
Negative-Case Sampling
A set of clusters is randomly selected, and all the cases in the selected clusters are included in the sample
One-Stage Cluster Sampling
Selecting cases when the opportunity occurs
Opportunistic Sampling
A numerical characteristic of a population
Parameter
The presence of a cyclical pattern in the sampling frame
Periodicity
The large group to which a researcher wants to generalize the sample results; the complete set of cases
Population
A type of two-stage cluster sampling in which each cluster’s chance of being selected in stage one depends on its population size
Probability Proportional to Size
A type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be the same as the population proportions on the stratification variable
Proportional Stratified Sampling
The researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and locates individuals with those characteristics
Purposive Sampling
Occur when threats to internal validity combine to produce an additive or multiplicative bias
Additive and Interactive Effects
The inability to specify which variable is the cause and which is the effect
Ambiguous Temporal Precedence
Loss of people who do not complete the experiment
Attrition
Describing the consequences of manipulating an independent variable
Causal Description
Explaining the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which a causal relationship holds
Causal Explanation
The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; it’s a synonym for internal validity
Causal Validity
The degree to which a mixed researcher can make Gestalt switches between the lenses of a qualitative researcher and a quantitative researcher and integrate the two views into an “integrated” or broader viewpoint
Commensurability Approximation Legitimation
An extraneous variable that was not controlled for and is the reason a particular “confounded” result is observed; an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable
Confounding Variable
The extent to which a higher-order construct is accurately represented in a particular study
Construct Validity
The degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences
Conversion Legitimation
A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work
Critical Friend
The factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher
Descriptive Validity
In a single-group design, participants who drop out are different from those who stay, causing the sample composition to change; in a multigroup design, refers to a differential loss of participants from the various comparison groups that causes the groups to become nonequivalent
Differential Attrition
Selection of participants who have different characteristics for the various treatment groups; it produces “nonequivalent groups”
Differential Selection
The ability to generalize the study results across settings
Ecological Validity
A measure of the strength or magnitude of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Effect Size Indicator
Collecting data in the field over an extended period of time
Extended Fieldwork
The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations; also called “generalizing validity”
External Validity
A variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome; any variable other than the independent variable that might influence the dependent variable; a variable that you need to “control for” to eliminate it as a competing explanation for the observed relationship between an independent and a dependent variable
Extraneous Variable
Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to all subgroups in the target population
Generalizing Across Subpopulations
Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to the target population (e.g., the population average or correlation)
Generalizing to a Population
The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations; it’s a synonym for internal validity
Generalizing Validity
Any event, other than a planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement of the dependent variable and influences the postmeasurement of the dependent variable
History
Particular causes, including intentions, of specific or local attitudes, conditions, and events
Idiographic Causation
The extent to which the researcher accurately understands, uses, and presents the participants’ subjective insider or “native” views (also called the emic viewpoint) and the researcher’s objective outsider view (also called the etic viewpoint)
Inside-Outside Legitimation
Any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured
Instrumentation
The degree to which the researcher achieved integration of quantitative and qualitative data, analysis, and conclusions
Integrative Legitimation
The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; also called “causal validity”
Internal Validity
