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Qualifying Exams > Research Methods Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Research Methods Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a form of qualitative research that is focused on providing a detailed account of one or more cases

A

Case study research

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2
Q

a variable that varies in type or kind

A

Categorical variable

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3
Q

a form of nonexperimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is a categorical variable

A

Causal-comparative research

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4
Q

relationship in which one variable affects another variable

A

Cause-and-effect relationship

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5
Q

uses the deductive or confirmatory or “top down” scientific method; it is used primarily for description, explanation, and prediction.

A

Quantitative research

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6
Q

the “bottom up” or inductive exploratory method is used; it is used primarily for the purposes of description and exploration and to gain an understanding of how people think and experience their lives.

A

qualitative research

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7
Q

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

A

Complementary strengths

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8
Q

an extraneous variable that was not controlled for and is the reason a particular “confounded” result is observed; an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable

A

Confounding variable

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9
Q

What is the difference between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

A

A categorical variable varies in type or kind and a quantitative variable varies in degree or amount. An example of the former is gender, and an example of the latter is class size.

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10
Q

Why is experimental research more effective than nonexperimental research when a researcher is interested in studying cause and effect?

A

Strong experimental research designs (i.e., the best experiments) include both manipulation and random assignment; nonexperimental research has neither of these. “Manipulation” is an action taken by the researcher in the world (e.g., providing a treatment to one group and a control condition to another group); manipulation allows us to see a manipulation first, and then observe the outcome or result of the manipulation. “Random assignment” makes the groups similar on ALL extraneous variables at the beginning of the experiment; hence, the only difference between the groups will be the level of independent variable received, allowing the differences observed after the experiment is completed to be attributed to the manipulated independent variable.

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11
Q

What are the main problems with the simple cases of causal-comparative and correlational research?

A

The problem with BOTH of these simple cases is that the researcher has no manipulation, no random assignment, and is only able to determine whether a statistical relationship is present. Observing a relationship is NOT enough information to attribute causation! To make a causal attribution, you need to meet three conditions: 1) show that there is a relationship, 2) show that you have the correct time ordering of your variables, that is, if A causes B then A must precede B in time, and 3) all alternative explanations must be ruled out. Again, all the simple cases give us is a relationship (i.e., condition 1). (On the other hand, a well conducted strong experiment satisfies all three conditions.)

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12
Q

a single value or category of a variable

A

Constant

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13
Q

Quantitative research has what two major subtypes?

A

experimental and nonexperimental

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14
Q

Qualitative research’s six major subtypes

A

phenomenology, ethnography, narrative inquiry, case study, grounded theory, and historical research.

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15
Q

a numerical index that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlation coefficient

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16
Q

a form of nonexperimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is a quantitative variable

A

Correlational research

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17
Q

a system of shared beliefs, values, practices, perspectives, folk knowledge, language, norms, rituals, and material objects and artifacts that members of a group use in understanding their world and in relating to others

A

Culture

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18
Q

a variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables

A

Dependent variable

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19
Q

all events have causes

A

Determinism

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20
Q

a form of qualitative research focused on discovering and describing the culture of a group of people

A

Ethnography

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21
Q

research in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable and is interested in showing cause and effect

A

Experimental research

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22
Q

a variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome; any variable other than the independent variable that might influence the dependent variable; a variable that you need to “control for” to eliminate it as a competing explanation for the observed relationship between an independent and a dependent variable

A

Extraneous variable

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23
Q

advises researchers to thoughtfully and strategically mix or combine qualitative and quantitative research methods, approaches, procedures, concepts, and other paradigm characteristics in a way that produces an overall design with complementary strengths (broadly viewed) and nonoverlapping weaknesses

A

Fundamental principle of mixed research

24
Q

a qualitative approach to generating and developing a theory from the data that the researcher collects

A

Grounded-theory research

25
Q

research about people, places, and events in the past; the process of systematically examining past events or combinations of events to arrive at an account of what happened in the past

A

Historical research

26
Q

the description of how members of a group interact and how they come together to make up the group as a whole

A

Holistic description

27
Q

the proposition that one cannot mix quantitative and qualitative research

A

Incompatibility thesis

28
Q

a variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable

A

Independent variable

29
Q

a variable occurring between two other variables in a causal chain (also known as a mediating variable)

A

Intervening variable

30
Q

the idea that people see and understand the world through the lens of their local language; people’s thoughts are bound by their language (also called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

A

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

31
Q

an intervention studied by an experimenter

A

Manipulation

32
Q

research that involves the mixing of quantitative and qualitative methods or other paradigm characteristics

A

Mixed research

33
Q

a variable that changes the relationship between other variables

A

Moderator variable

34
Q

the study of experience when experience is understood as lived and told stories. It is a collaboration between researcher and participants, over time, in a place or series of places and in social interaction with their social milieus.

A

Narrative inquiry

35
Q

the situation when scores on two variables tend to move in opposite directions

A

Negative correlation

36
Q

research in which the independent variable is not manipulated and there is no random assignment to groups

A

Nonexperimental research

37
Q

a form of qualitative research in which the researcher attempts to understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon

A

Phenomenology

38
Q

the situation when scores on two variables tend to move in the same direction

A

Positive correlation

39
Q

the philosophical position that what works is what is important or “valid

A

Pragmatism

40
Q

a cause that usually produces an outcome; changes in variable A tend to produce changes in variable B

A

Probabilistic cause

41
Q

research that relies primarily on the collection of qualitative data

A

Qualitative research

42
Q

research that relies primarily on the collection of quantitative data

A

Quantitative research

43
Q

a variable that varies in degree or amount

A

Quantitative variable

44
Q

a perspective held by a community of researchers that is based on a set of shared assumptions, concepts, values, and practices

A

Research paradigm

45
Q

a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories

A

Variable

46
Q

a method of empathetic understanding of others’ viewpoints, meanings, intentions, and cultural beliefs

A

Verstehen

47
Q

Concrete reality
Formulas and models
Generalizable patterns/trends/findings
Perspective: unbiased and detached researcher seeking to gain the objective truth

A

Positivism/post-positivism

48
Q

Reality is individual/local/contextual
Focuses on understanding the constructed reality of the “other”
Exploring, gaining a better understanding
Perspective: the researcher co-constructs reality with participants to give voice to the story of participants

A

Constructivist

49
Q

Variables like 1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place

A

Ordinal

50
Q

Variables: (name) used to put people/participants in groups

A

Nominal

51
Q

Purpose of this research: determine and demonstrate cause and effect relationships.

A

Experimental research

52
Q

Purpose of this research: determine the correlation of variables

A

Non experimental research

53
Q

every single person had the same chance to be able to participate in the study

A

Random selection

54
Q

In research, when there’s a relationship between one thing and another

A

Correlation

55
Q

Three required conditions for causality

A

relationship, temporal order, and lack of alternative explanation.

Qualifying Exams (22 decks)

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